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BIO || 669 || Understanding || Patho: || CVS || - ||
Quiz || 4 || with || correct || detailed || solutions
The || right || heart || is || responsible || for || _________________ || circulation. || - || Correct || answer || ✔pulmonary || circulation. || Pumps || blood || through || the || lungs. The || left || heart || is || responsible || for || _________________ || circulation. || - || Correct || answer || ✔systemic || circulation. || pumps || blood || through || the || body. Blood || travels || from || the || lungs || to || the || left || atrium || through || the: || - || Correct || answer || ✔pulmonary || veins || with || oxygenated || blood. Which || ventricle || is || larger || and || why? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || left || ventricle || is || much || larger || than || the || right || and || creates || a || much || higher || pressure || to || drive || the || movement || of || oxygenated || blood || throughout || the || body. Where || is || the || highest || pressure || in || the || cardiac || circuit? lowest? || - || Correct || answer || ✔highest || = || left || ventricle. lowest || = || right || atrium. The || space || between || the || lungs || that || contains || the || heart, || major || vessels || and || esophagus. || - || Correct || answer || ✔mediastinum.
What || are || the || three || layers || of || the || heart? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || epicardium || - || outer || layer, || visceral || layer || of || the || pericardium.
- || myocardium || - || composed || of || cardiac || muscle, || the || myocytes || allows || for || contractions.
- || endocardium || - || inner || lining, || endothelial || layer || that || lines || the || lumen. What || does || the || endocardium || allow || for? || - || Correct || answer || ✔allows || for || efficient || flow || of || blood || through || the || heart || and || able || to || respond || to || changes || in || signal. || Also || allows || for || increased || membrane || permeability || when || needed. infection || of || the || pericardium || is: Sx? || - || Correct || answer || ✔pericarditis. pain, || increased || friction, || discomfort. Three || components || of || the || pericardium: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || pericardial || sac.
- || pericardial || cavity.
- || pericardial || fluid. Where || is || the || pericardial || fluid || located?
number || of || cusps/flaps? || - || Correct || answer || ✔between || the || left || atria || and || left || ventricle. || This || is || the || other || AV || valve. Looks || like || a || bishops || hat. || 2 || cusps/flaps. Where || are || the || semilunar || valves || located? name || them. || - || Correct || answer || ✔between || the || ventricles || and || the || major || arteries.
- || pulmonary || semilunar || valve || - || b/t || right || ventricle || and || pulmonary || artery.
- || aortic || semilunar || valve || - || b/t || left || ventricle || and || aorta. || these || can || be || prolapsed || or || stenosed, || but || typically || not || as || likely || as || AV || valves. Which || types || of || valves || have || chordae || tendineae? function? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || AV || valves. These || are || attached || to || papillary || muscles || and || support || the || valves. || As || the || valve || closes, || the || muscle || contracts || to || support || the || valve || and || flaps || to || prevent || blood || from || being || pushed || back || into || the || atrium. || (like || an || umbrella). What || happens || if || there || is || damage || to || the || chordae || tendineae? || - || Correct || answer || ✔prolapse || valve. || Blood || will || begin || to || regurgitate.
What || are || the || purpose || of || the || AV || valves? || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || decrease || or || eliminate || blood || flow || from || the || ventricles || to || the || atria. || (prevent || regurgitation). Which || valves || are || open/closed || during || diastole? systole? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Diastole || - || AV || valves || open, || semilunar || closed. systole || - || AV || closed, || semilunar || open. The || great || vessels || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || superior || & || interior || venae || cavae.
- || pulmonary || artery || - || right/left.
- || pulmonary || veins.
- || aorta. phase || where || the || ventricles || are || relaxed || and || filling || of || them || occurs. || - || Correct || answer || ✔ventricular || diastole || or || atrial || systole. Ventricular || systole || occurs || when: || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || AV || valves || close || d/t || ventricular || pressure || exceeding || that || of || atria || and || when || it || exceeds || that || of || major || arteries. When || does || the || heart || experience || the || isovolumetric || contraction || phase? || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || occurs || when || the || blood || is || not || moving, || but || the || pressure || is || rising || in || the || ventricles. || The || blood || cannot || move || back || into || the || atrium || d/t || AV || valve || closure.
third || = || posterior || (descending) || interventricular || branch. Where || does || the || right || marginal || artery/branch || extend || to? || - || Correct || answer || ✔It || is || the || right || side || lateral || artery || that || descends || and || continues || on || posterior/descending/intraventricular || branch || that || goes || down || posteriorly || b/t || the || right || and || left || ventricles. The || right || coronary || artery || supplies || blood || to || which || components || of || the || heart? || - || Correct || answer || ✔intraventricular || septum || posteriorly, || right || atrium || and || right || ventricle. What || are || the || three || arteries || that || make || up || the || left || coronary || artery? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || left || anterior || descending || (interventricular) || artery.
- || circumflex || artery || = || posteriorly || winding.
- || left || marginal || artery || - || gives || blood || to || left || lateral || wall. The || circumflex || artery || supplies || blood || to || what || part || of || the || heart? || - || Correct || answer || ✔much || of || the || posterior || wall || of || the || left || ventricle. Where || does || the || left || anterior || descending || artery || reach? || - || Correct || answer || ✔extends || down || between || the || left || and || right || ventricles || and || right || over || the || intraventricular || septum. Benefit || of || the || collateral || arteries: || - || Correct || answer || ✔One || artery || will || end/terminate || and || join || with || another. || If || one || artery || becomes || blocked, || it || can || regain || circulation || from || another. || Allows || for || two || or || three || blockages || to || occur, || but || still || have || sufficient || blood || flow || for || the || heart || to || work.
Limitation || with || collateral || arteries: || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || blockages || that || occur || will || limit || exercise || as || more || blood || flow || is || required, || but || cannot || be || attained || through || collateral || arterial || blood || flow || d/t || the || blockages. This || creates || angina || and || other || Sx. coronary || capillaries. || - || Correct || answer || ✔ List || the || coronary || veins: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || coronary || sinus.
- || Great || cardiac || vein.
- || posterior || vein || of || the || left || ventricle. The || coronary || sinus || is || a || combination || of || which || veins? where || does || it || drain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Combo || of || the || great || cardiac || vein, || middle || and || small || cardiac || vein. drains || into || the || right || atrium. lymphatic || vessels || help || to || collect: || - || Correct || answer || ✔lymphatic || fluid || from || the || heart, || extend || anteriorly || and || empties || into || the || superior || vena || cava. The || 5 || components || of || the || conduction || system: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || SA || node.
- || AV || node.
- || Bundle || of || His || (AV || Bundle).
- || Right/Left || bundle || branches.
Describe || the || left || and || right || bundle || branches: || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || right || bundle || branch || is || smaller || and || thinner. The || left || is || thicker. || Often || splits || into || the || anterior || and || posterior || branches. The || apex || is || the || ___________ || portion || of || the || heart. || - || Correct || answer || ✔inferior. Benefit || of || the || delayed || conduction || from || the || AV || node || to || the || bundle || of || His || allows || for: || - || Correct || answer || ✔efficient || filling || and || helps || to || prevent || the || ventricles || from || contracting || before || the || atria || has || the || chance || to. Propagation || of || cardiac || action || potentials || is || affected || by || these || five || factors: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || resting || membrane || potential.
- || depolarization.
- || repolarizaiton. ||
- || hyperpolarization.
- || refractory || period. cardiac || muscles || resting || membrane || potential || allows || for: || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || leaky || situation. || allows || for || automaticity.
Repolarization || resets || the || membrane || to || allow || for: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || membrane || to || be || responsive || to || the || next || depolarization || event || to || cause || an || action || potential. If || this || does || not || occur, || will || not || be || able || to || get || a || second || beat || to || occur. What || does || hyperpolarization || cause? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || reaches || beyond || the || resting || membrane || potential. || Creates || an || environment || that || is || harder || and || takes || longer || to || develop || an || action || potential. Types || of || refractory || periods: || - || Correct || answer || ✔relative || refractory || period || - || harder || to || create || an || action || potential, || but || still || possible. absolute || - || inactivation || gates || are || not || open, || cannot || generate || an || action || potential || regardless || of || the || stimulus. What || is || automaticity || and || what || causes || it? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || heart || does || not || need || the || nervous || system || involved || to || beat. || It || only || needs || enough || ions || and || Ca2+ || to || continue || contractions. auto-leaking || at || a || set || rate || that || can || be || adjusted || based || on || the || presence || of || catecholamines || or || ACh || that || can || speed || up || or || slow || down || the || rate || of || leaking || to || speed || up || or || slow || down || the || HR. Does || ACh || slow || down || or || speed || up || the || heart? catecholamines? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ACh || - || slows || down || HR. || This || is || secreted || by || the || PNS Catecholamine || - || speeds || up || the || heart || and || makes || it || beat || faster. || Secreted || by || the || SNS/
cardiac || innervation || involved || what || two || types || of || nerves? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || sympathetic || - || speeds || up || HR.
- || PNS || - || decreases || HR || & || contractility. Adrenergic || receptors || include: what || are || the || NT? || - || Correct || answer || ✔beta-adrenergic || receptors || that || use || NT || of || NE || and || Epi. || These || cause || the || heart || to || beat || stronger, || eject || more || blood || per || beat || d/t || increases || levels || of || Ca2+ || myocytes. Does || NE || or || Epi || cause || a || local || response? || Systemic? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Local || = || NE, || affects || neural || synapses. Systemic || = || Epi, || This || is || the || one || that || most || commonly || responds; || responds || from || the || blood. myocardial || cells || are || nearly || identical || to || skeletal || muscle || cells, || but || the || important || differences || for || cardiac || function || are: || - || Correct || answer || ✔myocardial || cells || are || individual, || one || nucleus || per || cell, || and || have || branching || that || occurs || (Y || shaped). skeletal || muscle || cells || have || many || nucleus || per || cell || and || has || a || fusion || of || many || cells, || but || no || branching. Sarcomeres || are: || - || Correct || answer || ✔from || one || Z || line || to || the || next || = || one || sarcomere || distance.
Function || of || intercalated || disks: || - || Correct || answer || ✔connects || one || cardiomyocyte || to || another || mechanically || through || desmosomes || and || electrical || connections || by || gap || junctions. || These || allow || ions || to || flow || from || one || cell || to || the || next || and || allow || for || contractions || to || occur || from || one || to || the || next. Are || actin, || myosin || and || the || troponin-tropomyosin || complex || found || in || skeletal || muscle, || cardiac || muscles || or || both? || - || Correct || answer || ✔both! A || band || vs || I || band || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || band || = || Anisotropic || band || where || light || cannot || come || through. || Dark || band || due || to || myosin || which || is || a || thick/wide || myofilament || that || blocks || light || more || effectively. || I || band || = || Isotropic || light || band || that || only || has || actin || present. Although || A || bands || with || myosin || are || darker, || what || can || I || bands || do || that || A || bands || cannot? || - || Correct || answer || ✔I || bands || can || change || in || size || and || disappear. || The || amount || of || overlapped || I || band || can || change || depending || on || if || it || is || contracted || or || relaxed. || The || A || bands || with || myosin || cannot || get || smaller || through || contractions, || they || remain || the || same || size. Z || line || vs || M || line: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Z || line || = || what || the || I || band || and || actin || connect || into. M || line || = || M || proteins || that || connect || one || myosin || filament || to || the || next || in || the || middle || of || the || sarcomere.
So || during || MI, || troponin || T || and || I || would || increase || in || the || plasma. || This || is || a || strong || clinical || indicator || of || an || acute || MI. Myocardial || metabolism || is || different || from || many || tissues || because: || - || Correct || answer || ✔of || high || metabolic || function || and || takes || most || O2 || out || of || the || blood || at || basal || levels. || 70-75% || of || total || oxygen || carried || is || transferred || by || blood. || (this || is || near || the || limits || that || blood || can || even || extract). || Has || a || very || high || myocardial || oxygen || consumption. What || is || needing || if || the || metabolic || demands || of || the || heart || begin || to || increase? || - || Correct || answer || ✔need || to || increase || blood || flow || as || well || or || will || develop || hypoxia. The || heart || is || very || dependent || upon: || - || Correct || answer || ✔blood || flow. Describe || the || cross-bridge || theory || of || muscle || contraction: || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || excitation-contraction || coupling || needs || release || of || calcium || that || can || bind || to || troponin || which || helps || pull || tropomyosin || off || the || actin || sites. Myosin || heads || change || shape || causing || actin || to || start || to || overlap || the || myosin || even || more. || Allows || for || cross-bridging || or || connection || of || the || myosin || heads || to || the || actin || active || sites. What || causes || increase || release || of || Ca2+? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ECF || Ca2+ || enters || the || ICF, || the || high || Ca2+ || intracellular || causes || release || of || Ca2+ || from || the || SR. || this || will || increase || Ca2+ || in || the || cytoplasm/sarcoplasm. What || occurs || after || the || contraction? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || ATP || disengages || with || the || ATP || as || it || is || cleaved || and || allows || for || recocking. || Must || have || ATP || for || process || to || continue.
Process || is || generally || regulated || by || calcium. || After || initial || depolarization, || will || have || release || of || Ca2+, || but || it || is || very || quickly || reabsorbed || back || into || the || SR || or || exchanged || with || Na+ || to || move || out || of || the || cell || quickly. Length || of || normal || cardiac || contractions: || - || Correct || answer || ✔very || short || and || limited || unless || another || depolarization || occurs. What || allows || for || calcium || to || go || from || the || ECF || to || the || ICF? || - || Correct || answer || ✔calcium || channels. These || enhance || the || ability || to || develop || and || maintain || a || contraction. Types || of || calcium || channels: || - || Correct || answer || ✔L-type: || calcium || channel || blocker || drugs || --> || long || lasting, || blocked || by || verapamil || and || CCB. T-type: || transient, || short-acting. || Not || affected || by || CCB. Actin || is || made || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔G || and || F || actin. || Makeup || myofilament || of || action. Movement || of || tropomyosin || off || actin || sites || allows || for || binding || of || myosin || heads || to || actin || that || causes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || myosin || to || change || shape, || causing || a || power || stroke || and || causes || overlap || of || the || actin || and || myosin. What || occurs || after || a || power || stroke? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ATP || is || cleaved || and || is || able || to || release || from || the || actin. || Recocks || to || be || able || to || do || another || power || stroke || once || another || binding || can || occur. CO || is || affected || by || what || two || main || factors: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || stroke || volume.
If || preload || is || higher, || how || does || the || effect || the || left || ventricular || end-diastolic || volume || and || efficiency || of || the || heart? || - || Correct || answer || ✔If || preload || is || higher, || the || ventricle || is || able || to || fill || with || higher || amounts || of || blood || which || increases || the || stretch || of || the || ventricle. || This || will || increase || the || efficiency || of || the || left || ventricle || to || pump || blood || out || d/t || better || overlap || and || range || of || actin || and || myosin. || Therefore, || better || ability || to || cause || contraction || and || generation || of || force. How || can || preload || been || limited || on || its || effectiveness || to || generate || stronger || contractions? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Too || much || preload || can || generate || too || much || stretch || on || the || heart. || This || will || stretch || the || sarcomere || to || where || actin || and || myosin || are || less || or || completely || no || longer || overlapped || thus || causing || a || loss || of || contractility. There || is || a || limited || range || where || stetch || causes || increased || cardiac || performance. || Extreme || stretching || results || in || a || loss || of || contractions. What || is || laplace || law? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Wall || tension || generated || in || the || wall || of || the || ventricle || or || any || chamber/vessel || to || produce || a || given || intraventricular || pressure || depends || directly || on || ventricular || size || or || internal || radius || and || inversely || on || ventricular || wall || thickness. What || is || Frank-Starling || law || of || the || heart? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Increases || in || preload || will || cause || an || increase || in || ventricular || filling || which || increases || the || efficiency || and || ability || of || the || left || ventricle || t || pump || blood || out. right || preload || is || affected || by: left || preload? || - || Correct || answer || ✔right || preload || is || affected || by || the || amount || of || blood || returned || from || the || systemic || circuit. left || preload || is || affected || by || amount || of || blood || returned || from || the || lungs.
What || is || afterload? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || force || needs || in || the || ventricle || to || overcome || pressure || in || the || major || arteries. || "load || muscle || must || move || after || it || starts || to || contract." Afterload || is || based || on || these || factors: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || BP, || total || peripheral || resistance.
- || amount || of || fluid || volume.
- || aortic || pressure. What || occurs || if || afterload || starts || to || increase? || - || Correct || answer || ✔creates || more || work || for || the || heart || = || hypertrophy. || if || chronic || = || significant || problem. Myocardial || contractility || is || affected || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || EDV || (SV || & || preload).
- || sympathetic || stimulation.
- || myocardial || oxygen || supply. How || do || SV, || preload || and || EDV || affect || contractility? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || higher || the || preload || (more || blood || at || the || start), || the || more || blood || that || can || be || squeezed || out || with || each || beat || (SV). || Makes || contractility || more || efficient. Inotropic || agents || help: || - || Correct || answer || ✔These || agents || help || increase || the || percent || of || blood || that || is || pumped || out || of || the || ventricles. ||
