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BIO 699 Understanding || Patho || Quiz || 2 ||
Neurological || System: || Exam || 1 || with || verified ||
solutions
What || are || the || 3 || components || of || the || neuron? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cell || body || (soma), || dendrites, || axons where || is || the || cell || body || (soma) || located? || - || Correct || answer || ✔mainly || in || the || CNS Densely || packed || cell || bodies || in || the || CNS || are? PNS? || - || Correct || answer || ✔nuclei. ganglia. What || is || located || in || the || cell || body || (soma)? || - || Correct || answer || ✔nucleus || and || cytoplasm. Dendrites || are || the || ________ || portion || of || the || neuron. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Receptive || portion. || They || accept || and || sense || external || stimuli. || Stimulate || incoming || signals || to || cell || body. Axons || transmit || impulses || where? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Transmit || impulses || AWAY || from || cell || body || of || neuron.
the || long || thread || like || part || of || a || nerve || cell || along || which || impulses || are || conducted || from || the || cell || body || to || other || cells. what || is || the || cone-shaped || process || where || the || axon || leaves || the || cell || body? || - || Correct || answer || ✔axon || hillock As || dendrites || bring || signals || to || the || axon || hillock, || what || occurs? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || inhibitory || and || exhibitory || graded || potentials || are || summed || to || determine || if || an || action || potential || can || occur || to || send || a || signal || down || the || axon || hillock. What || part || of || the || axon || has || the || lowest || threshold || for || stimulation? and || what || occurs || here? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || initial || segment || of || the || axon. the || action || potentials || begin || at || this || point. Describe || membrane || polarization || during || a || neuron's || resting || state. || - || Correct || answer || ✔imbalance || of || ions || is || created || and || maintained || by || ion || pumps. || The || membrane || lacks || permeability || to || ions. unit || of || measurement || of || ion || concentration || - || Correct || answer || ✔mM || (mOsm) the || separation || or || ______________ || of || ions || and || charges || creates || _____________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔polarization; || an || electrical || potential. the || further || distance || between || the || charges || = || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || more || polarized ||.
Na+ || has || an || electrical || and || chemical || gradient || that || is || driving || Na+ || into || the || ICF. || The || positive || Na+ || will || be || highly || attracted || to || the || negative || ICF. || Additional || force || to || pull || Na+ || in || and || retain || K+. what || is || used || to || describe || the || forces || affecting || ion || movement || if || allowed || to || become || permeable || to || a || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔electrochemical || gradient. Chemical || gradients || move || from || __________ || concentration || to || __________. This || makes || them || become: || - || Correct || answer || ✔high || concentration || to || low || conentration. || becomes || more || random || -- || lower || energy || state. How || to || electrical || gradients || operate? || - || Correct || answer || ✔opposite || charges || attract, || similar || charges || repel. || This || can || set || up || a || force || to || move || charged || particles. Potentials || are || charges || that || are || separated || by: They || are || measured || in: || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || membrane. volts || or || millivolts || (mV) Resting || membrane || potential || is || the || result || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔retained || proteins || within || the || cell || and || ions || (mostly || Na+ || and || K+) || creating || electrochemical || gradients.
This || results || in || a || relatively || negative || charge || within || the || inner || aspect || of || the || plasma || membrane. Why || does || K+ || not || move || as || freely || as || Na+ || with || a || fully || permeable || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔K+ || has || a || chemical || gradient || that || favors || its || outflux || into || the || ECF. || However, || an || electrical || gradient || is || present || inside || the || cell || that || favors || K+ || to || remain || inside || the || cell. What || is || an || equilibrium || potential? || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || way || to || describe || the || voltage || conditions || necessary || to || counterbalance || the || chemical || gradient || forces || of || a || given || single || ion || so || that || equilibrium || is || established || for || that || ion || alone. movement || in || = || movement || out. example: || what || will || it || take || voltage-wise || (membrane || potential) || to || balance || out || chemical || diffusion || for || that || ion. compare || the || equilibrium || potentials || between || K+, || Na+, || Ca2+ || and || Cl-. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || and || Ca2+ || have || positive || equilibrium || potentials. K+ || and || Cl- || have || negative || ones. Moving || a || membrane || potential || from || -70mV || to || -50mV || would || be || characterized || as || a || _______ || polarizing || event. || - || Correct || answer || ✔depolarizing. true/false:
these || result || in: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || chemicals || - || ex: || acetylcholine.
- || electrical || potentials || - || ex: || depolarizations || result || in || opening || of || ion || channels. Since || graded || potentials || magnitude || varies, || one || graded || potential || can || have || this || affect || over || another. || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || can || cancel || another || out. || When || large || amounts || of || negative || or || positive || has || to || overcome || the || other, || it || will || be || stronger || than || if || not || there. true/false? all || action || potentials || look || alike. describe. || - || Correct || answer || ✔TRUE. || They || all || look || alike. || They || are || all || or || none || events || that || when || they || occur || will || proceed || the || same || way || each || time || based || on || ion || channels || opening || and || closing. Action || potentials || proceed || without: and || are || followed || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔decrement. || Do || not || diminish || over || time || or || distance.
a || refractory || period || (reduced || sensitivity || period). What || occurs || during || the || generation || of || an || action || potential? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || channels || open || which || results || in || a || change || in || membrane || potential || causing || K+ || channels || to || open. The || effect || when || Na+ || channels || open || is || that || it || becomes || self-__________ || and || self- ______________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔effect || becomes || self-generating || and || is || urged || on || by || positive || feedback || (spikes). || depolarization || occurs. || self-limiting. What || causes || open || Na+ || channels || to || be || self-limiting? || - || Correct || answer || ✔charge || and || inactivation || gates. || The || electrical || spike || begins || to || reverse. What || occurs || when || K+ || channels || open? || - || Correct || answer || ✔repolarization || and || then || undershoot. || (or || hyperpolarization). Describe || what || occurs || to || Na+ || and || K+ || voltage-gated || channels || during || the || refractory || period. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || gates || are || closed || causing || the || neuron || to || be || insensitive || at || this || time. || K+ || gates || are || open || causing || hyperpolarization || of || the || membrane. Which || voltage-gated || channels || have || two || doors || and || describe || how || they || are || used? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || gates || have || activation || and || inactivation || doors. ||
Why || are || these || important? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Nodes || of || Ranvier. These || allows || for || faster || action || potentials || thus || quicker || nerve || impulses || to || be || communicated || as || they || can || skip || from || node || to || node. true/false. Neurons || conduct || action || potentials || at || different || speeds. || - || Correct || answer || ✔true. __________________ || is || the || flow || of || ions || between || segments || of || myelin || rather || than || along || the || entire || length || of || the || axon. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Saltatory || conduction The || ability || of || branching || axons || to || influence || many || neurons || is || - || Correct || answer || ✔divergence. one || signal || converted || to || ten || different || signals Branches || of || numerous || neurons || to || influence || one || neuron || is: || - || Correct || answer || ✔convergence The || CNS || contains || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || brain || and || spinal || cord The || PNS || contains || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || cranial || and || spinal || nerves
- || pathways
- || somatic || nervous || system
- || autonomic || nervous || system
afferent || vs || efferent || pathways || in || the || PNS || - || Correct || answer || ✔afferent || pathways || are || ascending || from || the || PNS || up || to || the || CNS. efferent || pathways || are || descending || from || the || brain || & || spinal || cord || to || the || PNS. The || somatic || nervous || system || has || motor || and || sensory || pathways || regulating || ___________________ || motor || control || of || __________________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔voluntary || motor || control || of || skeletal || muscles. This || is || conscious. The || autonomic || nervous || system || has || motor || and || sensory || pathways || regulating || the || body's || internal || environment || through || ______________ || control || of || _________________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔involuntary || control || of || organ || systems. The || autonomic || nervous || system || contains || what || other || two || nervous || systems? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || sympathetic ||
- || parasympathetic regulates || glands || and || smooth || muscle || that || we || are || not || aware || of || such || as || the || gut || and || motor || system. The || SNS || is || described || as: PNS: || - || Correct || answer || ✔fight || or || flight. rest || and || digest.
What || occurs || proximal || to || the || injury? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || swelling || & || dispersal || of || the || Nissl || substance. ||
- || Neuron || increases || metabolic || activity, || protein || synthesis, || and || mitochondrial || activity.
- || new || terminal || sprouts || project || from || the || proximal || segment, || but || could || have || destruction || of || the || entire || neuron. || this || occurs || toward || the || neuron || cell || body. The || regeneration || of || proximal || segments || is || limited || to: || - || Correct || answer || ✔myelinated || axons, || thus || generally || only || in || the || PNS. regeneration || depends || on: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || location
- || type || of || injury
- || inflammatory || response
- || scar || tissue || formation How || do || neurons || generate || and || conduct || electrical || and || chemical || impulses? || - || Correct || answer || ✔by || selectively || changing || the || electrical || potential || of || their || plasma || membranes || and || influencing || nearby || neurons || through || the || release || of || neurotransmitters. nerve || impulses || have || a/an || ___________________ || response. || - || Correct || answer || ✔all || or || none The || region || between || adjacent || neurons || is: || - || Correct || answer || ✔synapses. APs || occur || from || one || neuron || to || the || next || through || synapses.
Impulses || are || transmitted || across || the || synapse || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔chemical || and || electrical || conduction. synaptic || cleft || versus || gap || junction || transmission. presynaptic || neurons || are || __________ || to || the || synape || and || postsynaptic || neurons || are || ______________ || to || the || synapse. || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || proximal
- || distal Are || neurotransmitters || excitatory || or || inhibitory? || - || Correct || answer || ✔more || than || 30 || substances. excitatory || or || inhibitory || postsynaptic || potential. These || are || chemicals || transmitted || b/t || neurons. What || are || the || synaptic || boutons || and || what || occurs || to || neurotransmitters || here? || - || Correct || answer || ✔presynaptic || ends || of || the || axon || where || neurotransmitters || are || stored || and || exocytosed || to || be || released || with || an || influx || of || Ca2+ || to || generate || an || AP || in || the || synaptic || cleft. The || space || b/t || 2 || neurons || given || synapse || is: what || occurs || here? || - || Correct || answer || ✔synaptic || cleft. NT || released || here || to || create || an || environment || where || an || AP || can || form.
Current || theory || about || tolerance || and || dependence: || - || Correct || answer || ✔second || messenger || systems || that || the || protein || receptors || directly || change || are || being || affected. proteins || cannot || cross || the || membrane || and || use || receptors || to || transfer || across || the || membrane. examples || of || second || messenger || systems: || - || Correct || answer || ✔cAMP, || cGMP, || diacyclglycerol || (DAG), || phosphatidylinositol || phosphate || (PIP) || or || Ca++ _____________ || and || ____________ || do || not || cross || the || plasma || membrane || and || thus || require || a || receptor || to || relay || the || effect || into || the || cell. || - || Correct || answer || ✔proteins || and || charged || particles A || bound || receptors || effect || can || be || direct || by || ____________ || or || indirect || by || __________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || opening || an || ion || channel.
- || activating || an || enzyme || that || activates || production || of || the || second || messenger. || Can || have || wide || affect || by || catalyzing || many || interrelated || processes. Opioids || acutely || reduce || the || effectiveness || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔cAMP || production || via || second || messenger || systems. this || results || in || the || high. What || occurs || overtime || with || cAMP || production || in || opioid || use? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Over || time || this || reduction || of || cAMP || becomes || less || and || less || pronounced || until || it || reaches || pre-use || levels ||.
This || creates || dependence || as || more || and || more || is || needed || to || produce || the || same || results. What || does || stoppage || or || blockage || of || opiate || use || cause? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cAMP || levels || to || greatly || rise || in || the || cell. This || results || in || withdrawal. Memory || is || thought || to || be || strengthened || and || developed || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔linking || specific || neural || pathways. These || specific || neural || pathways || can || be || retained || in || a || more || permanent || sense || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔synaptic || potentiation. How || is || memory || similar || to || treppe? || - || Correct || answer || ✔repeated || or || continuous || use || of || a || synapse || enhances || the || presynaptic || neuron's || ability || to || excite || the || postsynaptic || neuron. || This || produces || larger || than || expected || postsynaptic || potentials. || Therefore, || memory || can || be || strengthened || through || use. What || are || two || separate || features || in || drug || abuse, || though || they || both || can || reinforce || drug || seeking || behavior? || - || Correct || answer || ✔addiction || and || dependence Reward || centers || in || the || brain || can || learn || via || ____________: || - || Correct || answer || ✔stimulating || rewarding || behaviors. ex: || eating || pleasurable || foods || or || experiencing || exciting || moments || - || getting || high.
What || areas || are || included || in || the || forebrain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || cerebral || hemispheres
- || Telencephalon || - || which || has || many || areas. What || occurs || at || the || cerebral || hemispheres? || - || Correct || answer || ✔conscious || thought || and || involuntary || action. What || areas || are || included || in || the || midbrain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || corpora || quadridemina.
- || tegmentum.
- || cerebral || peduncles. Main || function || of || the || midbrain: || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || area || in || the || main || connection || between || the || body || and || the || brain. It || relays || information || back || and || forth || between || the || two. What || areas || are || included || within || the || hindbrain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || cerebellum.
- || pons.
- || medulla. Main || function || of || the || hindbrain: || - || Correct || answer || ✔reflex || actions. || This || is || the || autonomic || and || automatic || (involuntary) || control || center. || regulates || blood || pressure || and || RR. A || network || of || connected || nuclei || that || regulate || vital || reflexes || such || as || cardiovascular || and || respiratory || function || is || called: || - || Correct || answer || ✔reticular || formation.
The || reticular || formation || together || with || the || _____________________ || is || referred || to || as || the: ||
- || Correct || answer || ✔cerebral || cortex. referred || to || as || the || reticular || activating || system. Where || is || the || reticular || formation || located? || - || Correct || answer || ✔behind || the || pons || and || medulla; || extending || into || the || cortex. function || of || the || reticular || activating || system: || - || Correct || answer || ✔involved || in || wakefulness, || gaining || consciousness, || attention, || coordinating || vital || reflexes || between || the || hindbrain || & || cortex. The || forebrain || contains || the || telencephalon || which || consists || of || these || 4 || major || areas: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || cerebrum.
- || Brodmann || Areas
- || Lobes.
- || Cerebral || nuclei || (basal || ganglia) 5 || components || of || the || cerebrum: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || sulci.
- || gyri.
- || fissures.
- || gray || matter.
- || white || matter. Is || the || typical || presentation || of || the || brain || gray || or || white || matter? || - || Correct || answer || ✔gray || = || this || is || the || outer || layer || in || the || cortex.
