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BIO || 669 || Understanding || Patho: || Quiz || 3 || - ||
Endocrine || System: || Exam || 2 || with || correct ||
detailed || solutions
5 || functions || of || the || endocrine || system. the || first || is || differentiation || of || ___________ || and || ____________ || in || fetus. || - || Correct || answer || ✔differentiation || of || reproductive || system || & || CNS || in || fetus The || second || function || is || stimulation || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔stimulation || of || growth || & || development || (maturation). The || third || function || of || the || endocrine || system || is || coordination || of || what || systems? || - || Correct || answer || ✔coordination || of || the || male || and || female || reproductive || systems || (secretion). The || fourth || function || of || the || endocrine || system || is || maintenance || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔maintenance || of || internal || environment. The || fifth || function || of || the || endocrine || system || in || adaption || to: || - || Correct || answer || ✔adaption || to || emergency || demands || of || body. || Allows || for || increased || efficiency || & || mobilization || of || energy || stores || to || manage || stress. The || endocrine || system || affects || __________ || cells || in || the || body. || - || Correct || answer || ✔nearly || every || cell.
Organs || involved || in || the || endocrine || system: || - || Correct || answer || ✔multiple || organs || includes || pineal || gland, || pituitary || gland, || thyroid || gland, || parathyroid || gland, || thymus, || adrenal || gland, || pancreas, || ovary, || and || testis. Hormones || have || 4 || general || characteristics. || First, || they || have || specific || __________ || and || _____________ || of || secretion. || Their || patterns || depend || on? || - || Correct || answer || ✔specific || rates || and || rhythms || of || secretion. Patterns || depend || on || circulating || substances. Some || specific || rates || and || rhythms || of || hormone || secretion || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔- diurnal: || BID. -pulsatile: || rise || or || fall || in || a || range. -cyclic: || go || up/down || during || certain || times || of || day || or || sleep-wake || cycles. released || due || to || homeostatic || changes, || cyclical || basis, || or || only || when || activated. || Many || different || patterns || for || how || their || regulated || and || released. Hormones || operate || within || ____________ || systems. || - || Correct || answer || ✔feedback. Hormones || affect || only || - || Correct || answer || ✔target || cells || that || have || specific || receptors || to || bind || to || a || given || hormone. For || example: || insulin || affects || many || cells || directly, || but || not || the || brain || because || there || are || no || receptors || here.
Hormones || are || released || into || the || circulatory || system || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔endocrine || glands. down-regulation || vs || up-regulation || of || hormone: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Down || = || high || levels || of || hormones || can || decrease || affinity, || number, || or || both || of || cells' || receptors. || Decreases || sensitization || and || responsiveness || to || hormones. || If || large || amounts || of || hormone || present, || the || cell || will || stop || making || receptors || for || that || hormone. || This || will || desensitize || the || cell || to || the || hormone || and || cause || it || to || become || resistant || to || it. Up || = || low || levels || of || hormone || creates || more || receptors || in || the || plasma || membrane || to || increase || sensitization || and || responsiveness || to || hormones. || Small || amounts || of || hormone || will || cause || cell || to || start || producing || more || and || more || of || the || receptor || into || the || surface || to || increase || sensitization || and || respond || more || to || the || small || amount || of || hormone. || cells || are || constantly || changing || their || number || of || receptors || in || response || to || the || level || of || hormones || in || the || bloodstream. direct || vs || permissive || effects || of || hormones: || - || Correct || answer || ✔direct || = || ex: || insulin || directly || affecting || cell's || ability || to || incorporate || glucose || transporters || to || uptake || glucose || into || the || cell || from || the || plasma || to || reduce || blood || glucose || levels. permissive || = || hormone || can || enable || a || second || hormone || to || become || functional || to || do || a || job. GH || needs || _____________ || to || be || produced || to || have || its || full || effect. || - || Correct || answer || ✔thyroid || hormone. water-soluble || vs. || lipid-soluble || form || in || the || bloodstream || - || Correct || answer || ✔water-soluble || hormones || circulate || in || free, || unbound || forms. lipid-soluble || hormones || are || primarily || circulating || bound || to || a || carrier.
water-soluble || vs || lipid-soluble: philic || to... || phobic || to... || - || Correct || answer || ✔water-soluble || is || lipophobic, || hydrophilic, || charged. lipid-soluble || is || lipophilic, || hydrophobic, || steroids. water-soluble || vs || lipid-soluble: response || time || of || each? || - || Correct || answer || ✔water-soluble || = || short-acting || response || as || they || bind || to || surface || receptors. || Cannot || pass || through || membranes || directly. lipid-soluble || = || rapid, || but || long-lasting || response. || Directly || affect || translation || and || transcription || as || they || diffuse || freely || across || the || plasma || and || nuclear || membranes. || Bind || with || cytosolic || or || nuclear || receptors. || No || plasma || membrane || receptors || needed. What || must || lipid-soluble || hormones || need || although || they || do || not || need || plasma || membrane || receptors? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Need || carrier || proteins || to || be || carried || throughout || the || bloodstream. Most || hormone || will || be || bound || to || carrier || proteins || in || the || plasma. || This || helps || them || to || be || long-lasting || and || decreases || fluctuations || because || there || is || a || reserve || of || protein || bound || in || carrier || form. Length || of || lasting || for || hormones || is || based || on: || - || Correct || answer || ✔ability || to || bind || to || carrier || proteins || or || being || able || to || dissolve || in || plasma.
IP3 || leads || to || formation || of || - || Correct || answer || ✔calcium lipid-soluble || hormones || are || also || called || _______ || and || ________ || hormones. || - || Correct || answer || ✔steroid || and || thyroid || hormones || (although || made || from || amine). second-messenger || molecules || has || multiple || effects || on || the || cell || because: || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || second || messengers || change || a || receptor, || activates || an || enzyme, || and || produces || second || messengers || inside || of || the || cell. The || enzymes || creates || more || potential || to || create || 2nd || messengers || such || as || kinases. Greatly || amplifies || small || amounts || of || hormone || and || can || cause || many || different || effects || due || to || many || 2nd || messengers || activated. What || is || the || master || endocrine || organ? || - || Correct || answer || ✔hypothalamus. The || hypothalamus || release || hormone || that || directly || affects: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || pituitary || gland. The || continuation || of || the || hypothalamus || creates: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || posterior || pituitary || (axons). the || hypothalamus || is || the || cell || body. || It || transmits || signals || through || axonal || transport || to || the || axon || terminal. || Upon || stimulation || of || the || hypothalamus, || it || releases || hormones || at || the || pituitary || into || the || bloodstream. Hormones || secreted || by || the || posterior || pituitary? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ADH || & || oxytocin.
Key || parts || of || the || anterior || pituitary || & || function || of || each || part. || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || pars || distalis || - || major || part || where || hormones || are || produced || and || secreted.
- || pars || tuberalis || - || close || to || the || infundibulum || (anterior || and || lateral || portions).
- || pars || intermedia || - || important || in || infancy. The || anterior || pituitary || secretes || which || hormones? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Tropic || hormones || which || stimulate || growth, || production || and || secretion || of || hormones || from || another || tissue || or || organ.
- || GH.
- || TSH.
- || ACTH.
- || FSH.
- || LH. ||
- || MSH
- || Prolactin
- || beta-lipotropin.
- || beta-endorphins. Is || the || anterior || or || posterior || pituitary || larger? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || anterior. The || anterior || pituitary || is || made || up || of || ____________ || tissues || arising || from || where? || - || Correct || answer || ✔made || up || of || epithelial || tissues || arising || from || the || roof || of || the || mouth.
Only || one || way || a || tumor || or || expanding || mass || can || grow || is || towards || the || infundibulum || and || up || towards || the || optic || chiasma. First || Sx || = || vision || affected, || blurry || vision. Which || anterior || pituitary || hormones || are || somatotropic? || - || Correct || answer || ✔soma || = || body. growth || hormone || and || prolactin. effect || of || prolactin || - || Correct || answer || ✔multiple || including || milk || production || upon || delivery. LH || affect || on || women? men? || - || Correct || answer || ✔women || = || increases || progesterone || if || pregnant, || triggers || ovulation || and || promotes || development || of || the || corpus || luteum. || men || = || stimulates || production || of || testosterone || from || Leydig || cells || in || the || testes. FSH || affect || on || women? men? || - || Correct || answer || ✔women || = || increases || estrogen || production. men || = || promotes || development || of || testes || and || stimulates || spermatogenesis || by || Sertoli || cells. Beta-lipotropins || affect: || - || Correct || answer || ✔adipocytes || and || stimulates || release || of || adipose || and || lipids || out || into || the || bloodstream.
Beta-endorphins || affect: || - || Correct || answer || ✔neural || cells || and || have || an || analgesic || effect. The || anterior || pituitary || has || a || _________________ || origin. || - || Correct || answer || ✔schizophrenic. The || posterior || pituitary || hormones || are || synthesized || with || their || binding || proteins || in: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || supraoptic || and || paraventricular || nuclei || of || the || hypothalamus. The || posterior || pituitary || secretes || which || hormones? their || function? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || ADH || - || controls || plasma || osmolality.
- || oxytocin || - || causes || uterine || contractions || and || milk || ejection || in || lactating || women. || (stimulates || smooth || muscle || contractions). || Helps || uterus || to || heal || by || shrinking || it || back || to || previous || levels || and || decreasing || bleeding. || "Let || down" || reflex. When || is || ADH || released? || - || Correct || answer || ✔in || response || to || high || sodium, || low || overall || blood || volume, || decrease || BP, || and || low || water. || The || hypothalamus || stimulates || a || thirst || response || and || ADH || causes || water || retention || at || the || kidneys. However, || ADH || does || not || affect || electrolytes, || only || water || retention. Two || different || _____________ || involved || with || the || production || of || posterior || pituitary || hormones. || - || Correct || answer || ✔nuclei. Oxytocin || is || made || from || which || nucleus?
Colloid || contains || what || two || things || that || are || the || building || blocks || of || thyroid || hormone? || - || Correct || answer || ✔thyroglobulins || and || iodine. What || is || T3/T4 || in || relation || to || thyroglobulin || and || iodine? || - || Correct || answer || ✔T3 || = || thyroglobulin || bound || to || 3 || iodine. T4 || = || thyroglobulin || bound || to || 4 || iodine. Does || the || body || typically || make || more || T3 || or || T4? but || which || is || more || potent? || - || Correct || answer || ✔T4. || 90% || this, || 10% || T3. || T3 || is || more || potent || though. || Cells || often || convert || T4 || to || T3 || at || the || target || tissue || site || for || larger || effects. || This || has || a || large || impact || on || metabolism. Parafollicular || cells || (C || cells) || in || the || thyroid || gland || secrete || and || cause? || - || Correct || answer || ✔secretes || calcitonin || outside || follicles. || causes || a || decrease || in || Ca2+ || levels || as || it || causes || it || to || move || into || bone || and || increase || mineralization. || It || stimulates || kidneys || ability || to || release || Ca2+ || and || decrease || GI's || ability || to || absorb || Ca2+. How || is || thyroid || hormone || secretion || regulated? || - || Correct || answer || ✔By || thyrotropin-releasing || hormone || that || is || released || from || the || hypothalamus. By || thyroid-stimulating || hormone || that || is || released || from || the || anterior || pituitary.
The || TSH || will || affect || the || thyroid || to || produce || and || release || T3, || but || mostly || T4. What || shape || is || the || thyroid? || - || Correct || answer || ✔butterfly. Thyroid || hormone || is || secreted || in || response || to: || - || Correct || answer || ✔TSH. What || are || the || four || items || that || thyroid || hormone || can || be || bound || to? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || thyroxine-binding || globulin.
- || thyroxine-binding || prealbumin.
- || albumin.
- || lipoproteins. Thyroid || hormone || affects: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || growth || and || maturation || of || tissues.
- || cell || metabolism.
- || heat || production.
- || oxygen || consumption. Which || hormones || are || lipophilic, || hydrophobic, || steroid-based, || and || bound || to || carrier || proteins? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Lipid-soluble || hormones
Where || is || the || PT || gland || found? || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || the || posterior || portion || of || the || thyroid || gland. || Many || times || it || is || embedded || within || this || gland. An || increase || in || thyroid || can || cause: || - || Correct || answer || ✔goiter || formation. What || can || occur || with || surgical || removal || of || the || thyroid || gland? || - || Correct || answer || ✔removal || of || partial || or || all || of || the || PT || gland. What || can || removal || of || the || PT || gland || cause? || - || Correct || answer || ✔loss || of || control || of || Ca2+, || disruption || of || cardiac || function || d/t || conduction || of || nerve || impulse, || contractility/sensitivity || changes, || MI || and || death. A || C || cell || can || be || distinguished || from || surrounding || follicular || cells || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔its || pale || cytoplasm. Two || more || effective || identification || approaches || for || C || cells || are: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || immunocytochemistry || - || using || an || antibody || to || calcitonin.
- || electron || microscopy || - || to || visualize || calcitonin-containing || cytoplasmic || granules. What || are || found || around || the || follicles? || - || Correct || answer || ✔blood || vessels. In || the || inactive || follicle, || the || follicular || epithelium || is: During || their || active || secretory || phase, || the || cells || become: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || simple || low || cuboidal || or || squamous.
- || columnar.
The || pancreas || is || both || a/an || ________________ || and || _____________ || gland. || - || Correct || answer || ✔endocrine || and || exocrine. The || pancreas || houses || what || important || property? || - || Correct || answer || ✔islets || of || Langerhans. The || islets || of || Langerhans || secrete: || - || Correct || answer || ✔glucagon || and || insulin. cells || involved || in || the || islets || of || Langerhans: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || alpha.
- || Beta.
- || delta.
- || F || cells. alpha || cells || secrete: || - || Correct || answer || ✔glucagon. beta || cells || secrete: || - || Correct || answer || ✔insulin || and || amylin. function || of || amylin: || - || Correct || answer || ✔similar || affect || as || insulin. || Slows || release || of || products || from || stomach || to || duodenum; || therefore || decreases || the || rate || of || transit || in || GI || tract || to || slow || absorption. || Prevents || blood || glucose || from || reaching || even || higher || levels. Delta || cells || secrete: || - || Correct || answer || ✔somatostatin. || (not || the || same || as || the || one || that || alters || GH || release).
amylin || delays? || - || Correct || answer || ✔nutrient || uptake || as || it || decreases || transit || of || food || products || from || the || stomach || to || the || duodenum, || and || decreases || contractility || in || the || stomach. Amylin || suppresses || __________________ || secretion. || - || Correct || answer || ✔glucagon. Insulin || causes || an || increase || of || __________ || and || ____________ || uptake || by || cells. || - || Correct || answer || ✔potassium || and || phos. What || causes || the || opposite || effect || of || insulin? || - || Correct || answer || ✔glucocorticoids. || They || increase || protein || breakdown || and || decrease || protein || synthesis. Where || should || glucocorticoids || never || be || injected? || - || Correct || answer || ✔into || a || tendon. They || will || prevent || repair || and || weaken || tendons. positive || feedback || that || increases || insulin || secretion || includes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || elevated || plasma || glucose || and || amino || acids.
- || elevated || GIP || secretion.
- || elevated || PSNS || activity. negative || feedback || that || decreases || insulin || secretion || includes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || increased || SNS || activity.
- || increased || EPI || secretion.
What || diet || attempts || to || control || the || release || of || insulin || to || stimulate || fat || production? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Atkins || diet. glycogen || is || stored || in || the || muscle || and || reduces || its || breakdown. increased || insulin || secretion || effect || on || most || tissues: || - || Correct || answer || ✔INCREASES || glucose || uptake || (except || in || the || brain, || liver || & || exercising || muscle), || amino || acid || uptake, || and || protein || synthesis. Decreases || protein || breakdown. Increased || insulin || secretion || effect || on || adipose || tissue: || - || Correct || answer || ✔increases || fatty || acid || and || triglyceride || synthesis. decreases || lipolysis. Increased || insulin || secretion || effect || on || liver || and || muscles: || - || Correct || answer || ✔increases || glycogensynthesis. decreases || glycogenolysis. Increases || insulin || secretion || effect || on || the || liver: || - || Correct || answer || ✔increases || fatty || acid || and || triglyceride || synthesis. decreases || gluconeogenesis.
