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BIO || 699 || Understanding || Patho: || Quiz || 1 || - ||
Electrolytes || & || Immunity || - || Exam || 1 || with ||
verified || solutions
What || makes || up || approximately || _______ || percent || of || lean || body || weight || in || men? women? || - || Correct || answer || ✔men || = || 60%. women || = || 50%. what || fraction || of || water || is || in || the || intracellular || space? extracellular || space? || - || Correct || answer || ✔intracellular || = || two-thirds. extracellular || = || one-third. Is || the || ICF || or || ECF || subdivided || into || more || categories? what || are || these? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ECF. Into || intravascular || and || interstitial. What || percentage || of || the || ECF || is || intravascular || fluid?
interstitial? || - || Correct || answer || ✔intravascular || 25%. || (4-5%) interstitial || 75%. || (15-16%) because || most || of || the || water || is || in || the || cells, || volume || changes || are || generally || associated || with: || - || Correct || answer || ✔change || in || serum || osmolality || and || electrolyte || concentrations. the || distribution || of || body || fluids || follows || this || rule: || - || Correct || answer || ✔60-40-20 || rule. 60% || of || the || total || body || weight || is || water. 40% || of || the || body || weight || in || cells || in || intracellular || fluid || (2/3 || of || total || body || weight). 20% || of || the || body || weight || is || water || outside || of || the || cells. || (1/3 || of || the || total || body || weight). Other || minute || fluids || within || the || ECF: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Lymph, || synovial, || intestinal, || CSF, || sweat, || urine, || pleural, || peritoneal, pericardial, || and || intraocular || fluids. So || a || 100kg || man || (220lbs) || has || about || ____ || kg/liters || of || plasma. || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 5 || kg A || 70 || kg || man || has || _____ || TBW. ___ || kg || ICF.
Why || are || overweight || individuals || at || a || higher || risk || for || dehydration || than || those || at || normal || weights? || - || Correct || answer || ✔overweight || individuals || have || lower || amounts || of || total || body || weight || due || to || adipose || tissue || being || unable || to || contain || water. attractive || forces || that || concerns || ions || ability || to || attract || water. || - || Correct || answer || ✔osmotic || forces. concerns || how || water || primarily || moves. Osmotic || vs. || Hydrostatic || forces || - || Correct || answer || ✔Osmotic || forces || are || attractive || forces || that || pull || water || across || the || membrane. Hydrostatic || forces || are || mechanical || forces || that || push || water || across || the || membrane. || (from || capillary || to || interstitial || or || vice || versa). What || allows || movement || of || water || across || the || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔aquaporins. || allows || water || to || move || through || diffusion. How || must || ions || travel || across || the || plasma || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔through || channels, || carriers || and || pumps. || They || move || in || a || more || limited || manner. Starling || forces || describes || the || forces || that || are: || - || Correct || answer || ✔affecting || movement || of || fluid || between || cells || and || spaces. The || starling || forces || also || describes || the || net || filtration || as: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || forces || that || are || favoring || filtration || minus || forces || opposing || filtration.
Primary || sources || of || water || intake || include || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || drinking || water || orally.
- || food || consumption.
- || oxidative || metabolism. Largest || amount || of || water || is || lost || through || - || Correct || answer || ✔urination What || ions || and || substances || move || freely || across || the || membrane? which || do || not? || - || Correct || answer || ✔water, || Na+ || and || glucose. protein. What || is || the || term || for || the || concentration || of || osmotically || active || particles || in || solution? || - || Correct || answer || ✔osmolarity. osmolarity || = || - || Correct || answer || ✔(# || of || particles || in || solution) || X || (concentration || of || particles) If || two || solutions || have || the || same || osmolarity, || they || are: different, || with || lower || osmotic || pressure: different || with || higher || osmotic || pressure: || - || Correct || answer || ✔isosmotic. hyposmotic. hyperosmotic.
Describe || fluid || movement || between || plasma || and || interstitial || space: || - || Correct || answer || ✔capillary || hydrostatic || pressure || at || the || arteriole || end || - || pushes || water || into || the || interstitial || space. || This || pressure || exceeds || the || capillary || oncotic || pressure. || (filtration) interstitial || hydrostatic || pressure || at || the || venous || end || - || pushes || water || into || the || intravascular || space || from || the || interstitial. || Capillary || oncotic || pressure || exceeds || hydrostatic. || (reabsorption). || lymphatics || - || drain || fluid || not || reclaimed || by || the || venous || end. || Also || helps || proteins || return || to || the || heart. a || block || in || the || lymphatic || system || would || cause || - || Correct || answer || ✔edema. || excess || fluid || would || remain || in || the || interstitial || spaces. || proteins || would || also || remain || increasing || interstitial || oncotic || pressure, || worsening || edema. || (pitting || edema). An || increase || in || sodium || in || the || vasculature || would || cause: || - || Correct || answer || ✔initial || increase || in || fluid || here || with || bounding || pulses. but || once || this || excess || fluid || slowly || enters || the || interstitial || space, || this || causes || a || movement || of || fluid || into || cells || from || interstitial || = || shrinks || cells. What || are || the || forces || favoring || filtration? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || capillary || hydrostatic || pressure || (blood || pressure).
- || interstitial || oncotic || pressure || (water-pulling). What || are || the || forces || favoring || reabsorption? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || plasma || (capillary) || oncotic || pressure || (Water-pulling.
- || interstitial || hydrostatic || pressure. Accumulation || of || fluid || within || the || interstitial || spaces || (not || always || due || to || fluid || excess, || but || may || be || due || to || fluid || shift) || - || Correct || answer || ✔edema causes || of || edema || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || increase || in || capillary || hydrostatic || pressure || (venous || obstruction || or || salt/water || retention).
- || decrease || in || plasma || oncotic || pressure || (lack || protein/albumin || - || liver || dz || or || protein || malnutrition).
- || increase || in || capillary || permeability || (inflammation, || Hay || fever, || histamine, || increase || movement || of || ions || and || proteins).
- || lymph || obstruction || - || lymphedema. about || 10% || of || fluid || from || the || arterial || side || is: || - || Correct || answer || ✔lost || by || the || time || it || enters || the || venules. this || fluid || and || small || amounts || of || protein || are || collected || and || drained || by || the || lymphatics. some || causes || of || venous || obstruction: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || inflammation || of || veins || (thrombophlebitis).
- || hepatic || obstruction.
- || tight || clothing || around || extremities.
Cl- Normal || Na+ || levels || in || ECF || and || ICF || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 142 || mEq/L || in || ECF. 12 || in || ICF. Main || role || and || other || roles || of || Na+ || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || primary || regulator || of || osmotic || forces || thus || water.
- || neuromuscular || irritability.
- || acid-base || balance || (Na+ || and || H+ || exchange || in || the || kidneys).
- || cellular || chemical || reactions.
- || membrane || transport. normal || chloride || levels || in || ECF? ICF? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ECF || - || 103 ICF || = || 4. chloride || provides: || - || Correct || answer || ✔electroneutrality. ADH || (anti-diuretic || hormone || or || vasopressin) || secretion || increases:
preserves: || - || Correct || answer || ✔increases || water || reabsorption || into || the || plasma || and || thirst || perception. preserves || water || and || some || ions || will || travel || with. receptors || that || can || receive || signals || to || cause || secretion || of || ADH: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || osmolality || receptors || - || detects || hyperosmolality.
- || volume || receptors || - || detects || volume || depletion.
- || baroreceptors || - || detects || low || blood || pressure. where || is || ADH || released? where || does || it || travel || to || place || an || effect? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || posterior || pituitary || gland. the || kidneys || - || will || increase || water || reabsorption || to || decrease || osmolalit || and || increase || urine || concentration. Na+ || is || directly || related || to || plasma || volume, || blood || pressure, || ICF || and || IF || fluid || volume. || Does || the || body || directly || monitor || Na+ || levels? || - || Correct || answer || ✔no; || rather || it || monitors || osmolarity || and || maintains || homeostasis || largely || through || ADH, || aldosterone, || and || natriuretic || peptides. what || is || the || most || abundant || ICF || cation? || - || Correct || answer || ✔K+.
When || osmolality || changes, || the || functional || kidney || will || adapt || to || changes || by || adjusting || water || retention || or || release, || generally || mediated || by: || - || Correct || answer || ✔ADH. ADH || affects || the || ________________ || permeability || to || water || and || its || release || is || sensitive || to || ____________ || and || ____________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔distal || nephrons. osmotic || cues || and || volume || changes. About || 85-90% || of || Na+ || is || found || in || ECF, || thus || changes || in || Na+ || levels || result || from: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || contraction || of || Na+ || rich || fluid || = || hypotension, || tachycardia. || ((to || increase || BP))
- || expansion || of || Na+ || rich || fluid || = || peripheral || or || pulmonary || edema || ((more || volume, || bounding || pulses)). what || structure || in || the || body || senses || osmolality || changes? || - || Correct || answer || ✔hypothalamus. The || renin-angiotensin-aldosterone || system || controls: || - || Correct || answer || ✔sodium || and || water || retention || and || thus || volume || and || pressure || in || the || vascular || system || through || affecting || vasomotor || tone || and || ADH || release || to || increase || BP. || also || causes || potassium || excretion. function || of || ACE || inhibitors: || - || Correct || answer || ✔decrease || BP || by || decreasing || aldosterone, || Na+ || and || volume. where || is || aldosterone || secreted? || - || Correct || answer || ✔adrenal || cortex. ||
this || is || a || mineralocorticoid. || Allows || for || hormonal || regulation || of || Na+ || and || K+. If || blood || volume || or || pressure || is || low || or || plasma || levels || of || K+ || high, || what || does || the || renin || system || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || kidneys || secrete || renin || that || causes || secretion || of || angiotensin || I || that || ACE || converts || to || angio || II || and || stimulates || the || adrenal || cortex || to || secrete || aldosterone || and || posterior || pituitary || to || secrete || ADH || to || cause || vasoconstriction. what || inhibits || the || renin || system? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || vasoconstriction || will || elevate || systemic || blood || pressure || and || restore || renal || perfusion || which || inhibits || renin || release. what || occurs || to || fluid || during || hyponatremia? main || concern? || - || Correct || answer || ✔decrease || in || fluid || retention, || fluid || shifts || from || vascular || to || interstitial || then || into || the || swells || = || swelling || = || edema. main || concern || = || increase || ICP || demonstrated || through || papilledema. what || occurs || to || fluid || during || hypernatremia? || - || Correct || answer || ✔increase || in || fluid || retention, || shifts || acutely || from || interstitial || to || intravascular || resulting || in || bounding || pulses. causes || shrinkage || of || cells || = || headaches. excitability || will || be || increased || - || more || action || potentials || can || occur || resulting || in || more || contractions. what || occurs || to || fluid || during || hyperkalemia? || - || Correct || answer || ✔fluid || shifts || into || the || interstitial || space. ||
normal || serum || osmolality || - || Correct || answer || ✔280- hypernatremia || is || when || Na+ || is: r/t: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || > || 145 r/t || Na+ || gain || or || water || loss. how || does || water || move || with || hypernatremia? || - || Correct || answer || ✔from || ICF || to || ECF. || intracellular || dehydration. || occurs || most || common || with || isovolemic || fluid || status. clinical || manifestations || of || hypernatremia || with || hypovolemia: most || severe? || - || Correct || answer || ✔dehydration, || thirst, || HA, || weight || loss, || oliguria, || concentrated || urine, || hard || stools, || decreased || skin || turgor, || dry || mucous || membranes, || decreased || sweating/tears, || elevated || temperature, || soft || eyeballs, || prolonged || cap || refill, || tachy, || weak || pulses, || hypotension, || shock, || confusion, || coma. || most || severe || = || CNS || with || muscle || twitching, || hyperreflexia, || confusion, || coma, || convulsions, || cerebral || hemorrhage. treatment || for || hypernatremia || with || hypovolemia: || - || Correct || answer || ✔oral || fluids || or || isotonic || salt-free || fluid || = || D5W. must || be || given || slowly || to || prevent || cerebral || edema.
treat || underlying || condition || that || is || causing || the || low || volume || status. hyperchloremia || occurs || with: || - || Correct || answer || ✔hypernatremia || or || bicarb || deficiency. Cl- || relationship || with || Na+? bicarb? || - || Correct || answer || ✔proportional || with || Na+. || provides || electroneutrality || for || Na+ || to || allow || passive || transport. inversely || with || bicarb. most || common || causes || of || hypotonic || alterations: || - || Correct || answer || ✔hyponatremia || or || free || water || excess. hyponatremia || decreases || the || ECF || osmotic || pressure || and || water || moves || into || the || cell || via || osmosis. || Causes || expansion || resulting || in || edema || or || cells || can || rupture. if || hyponatremia || with || water || excess || in || intravascular || and || interstitial, || what || will || result? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cerebral || and || pulmonary || edema. hyponatremia || causes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || < || 135. causes || plasma || hypoosmolality || and || cellular || swelling. causes || of || hyponatremia: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || sodium || loss.
- || low || intake || of || Na+ || (rare, || but || diuretic || pts).
hypochloremia || is || typically || the || result || of || what || ion || changes? things || that || cause || this? || - || Correct || answer || ✔hyponatremia || or || elevated || bicarb || (metabolic || alkalosis). vomiting || - || loss || of || HCl; || and || cystic || fibrosis. treatment || of || the || underlying || condition || is || required. normal || K+ || in || ECF? ICF? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 4 || mEq/L.
concentration || maintained || by || sodium-K+ || pump. K+ || regulates || intracellular || electrical || neutrality || in || relation || to || what || ions? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Na+ || and || H+. K+ || is || essential || for: || - || Correct || answer || ✔transmission || and || conduction || of || nerve || impulses. normal || cardiac || rhythms. skeletal || and || smooth || muscle || contraction. || (required || for || glycogen || and || glucose || deposition || in || liver || and || skeletal || muscle || cells).
Why || does || changes || in || pH || affect || K+ || balance? what || else || has || same || effect || as || pH? || - || Correct || answer || ✔H+ || accumulate || in || ICF || in || acidosis, || K+ || will || shift || to || ECF || to || maintain || balance || of || cations || === || hyperkalemia. deficiencies || in || insulin || & || aldosterone, || acidosis, || cell || lysis, || and || strenuous || exercise. What || mechanisms || shift || K+ || into || the || cell? || - || Correct || answer || ✔-aldosterone. -insulin. -alkalosis. -epinephrine. What || is || the || most || efficient || regulator || of || K+? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || kidneys. What || is || K+ || adaptation? || - || Correct || answer || ✔slow || changes || in || K+ || are || tolerated || better || than || acute. causes || of || hypokalemia: || - || Correct || answer || ✔K+ || < || 3.5.
- || reduced || intake || of || K+.
- || increased || entry || into || cells.
- || increases || loss.
- || insulin. if || large || amounts || of || insulin || given || - || Correct || answer || ✔can || cause || a || shift || of || K+ || into || the || ICF || resulting || in || hyperpolarization || and || decreased || response.
