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Bio-Medical Engineering - EXAM 1, Exams of Biomedicine

Understanding biological systems, advance the practice of medicine and, develop therapeutic technology and devices

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 11/25/2024

EmmaMoss
EmmaMoss 🇬🇧

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Bio-Medical Engineering - EXAM 1
Define the term "biomedical engineering".
Understanding biological systems, advance the practice of medicine and, develop
therapeutic technology and devices.
Distinguish Biomedical engineering from closely associated fields.
•Bioengineering
•Biological Engineering
---Often the same thing sometimes includes Agriculture & Environmental Science
•Biosystems Engineering
---More focused on agriculture and environmental science
•Biomolecular Engineering
---Manipulation of biomolecules
•Biochemistry
---Branch of chemistry that studies the chemical rxns across biology
•Biochemical Engineering
•Bioprocess Engineering
---The creation of new chemical products using biological organisms or components.
•Biotechnology
---DNA & RNA Manipulation
What are three common entry level jobs for biomedical engineers with a BS degree? (B)
Which of the three sounds most interesting to you? (C) Why?
Product Design Engineer
Quality Engineer
Regulatory Affairs Associate
What is meant by the term "Tissue Engineering"?
The practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into
functional tissues.
What is meant by the term "Personalized Medicine"?
The practice of tailoring medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products to
the individual patient based on relevant biomarkers from that patient.
How are advances in imaging driving improved healthcare?
Being able to see inside the body without invasive procedures.
(A) List the most common elements found in the human body and (B) the four classes of
biopolymers that they comprise.
(A) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
(B) Polysaccharides, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
(A) List the various subcompartments where water is distributed in the human body and
(B) their approximate percentage of total body water.
Intercellular Fluid (40%)
Extracellular Fluid(20%)
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Define the term "biomedical engineering". Understanding biological systems, advance the practice of medicine and, develop therapeutic technology and devices. Distinguish Biomedical engineering from closely associated fields. •Bioengineering •Biological Engineering ---Often the same thing sometimes includes Agriculture & Environmental Science •Biosystems Engineering ---More focused on agriculture and environmental science •Biomolecular Engineering ---Manipulation of biomolecules •Biochemistry ---Branch of chemistry that studies the chemical rxns across biology •Biochemical Engineering •Bioprocess Engineering ---The creation of new chemical products using biological organisms or components. •Biotechnology ---DNA & RNA Manipulation What are three common entry level jobs for biomedical engineers with a BS degree? (B) Which of the three sounds most interesting to you? (C) Why? Product Design Engineer Quality Engineer Regulatory Affairs Associate What is meant by the term "Tissue Engineering"? The practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues. What is meant by the term "Personalized Medicine"? The practice of tailoring medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products to the individual patient based on relevant biomarkers from that patient. How are advances in imaging driving improved healthcare? Being able to see inside the body without invasive procedures. (A) List the most common elements found in the human body and (B) the four classes of biopolymers that they comprise. (A) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon (B) Polysaccharides, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. (A) List the various subcompartments where water is distributed in the human body and (B) their approximate percentage of total body water. Intercellular Fluid (40%) Extracellular Fluid(20%)

•Interstitial Fluid (Between Cells): 15% •Intravascular Fluid: 5% Approximately 60%. (A) Using a common set of small molecules as examples explain the difference between polar and non-polar molecules. (B) Why is polarity important to living systems? Water is bonded by polar-covalent bonds which creates a dipole and partial charges on the molecule.'s elements. Non-polar molecules do not dissolve in polar solutions. Polarity is crucial for life because it allows for the interaction of non-polar molecules, transportation, and absorption of different nutrients. What is meant by the term "polymer". Many Parts. A macromolecule. Network of entangled or cross-linked chains of repeating monomers. (A) List the four major types of biological polymers (biopolymers) and (B) provide a simple chemical or structural representation of each. Lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. see cards. Describe what is meant by the term "condensation reaction" and provide an example. Water is produced. (A) What is a polysaccharide? (B) Where are they commonly found in the human body? (C) What role(s) do they serve? A sugar or a carbohydrate. In glucose which stores energy for the body to use. What is the general chemical structure of a lipid molecule? Hydrophilic head. Hydrophobic tail. What molecules are found in all cell membranes and how are they organized, that is, which end of the molecule faces the extracellular fluid (ECF) and which end is buried inside the bilayer? Cell membrane is is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. Fatty Acids (lipids) make up this bilayer by situaing their hydrophobic tails buried inside and their hydrophobic heads outside able to interact. Describe two roles of cell membranes Permeability to small molecules. Protection to the cell. What is the difference between an unsaturated, cis-saturated, and trans saturated lipid. Which is considered unsafe?

(A) Describe what is meant by the term DNA replication and (B) describe why is it important in biological systems? you are creating an exact copy of the DNA Strand. It is important to pass on genes to offspring and evolution. List the names and functions of the enzymes involved in the replication of DNA •Topoisomerase- Relaxes the DNA from super-coiled state. •DNA Helicase- Unwinds DNA at the replication fork. •Single- Strand Binding Proteins- Bind to single-strand DNA and prevent it from re- annealing after unwound. •DNA polymerase- Builds a new duplex DNA strand by adding nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. Also proofs strand. •Primase- Gives starting point of RNA for DNA polyermase to begin synthesis of new DNA strand. •RNA Primer- Added by primase as a place holder. •Exonuclease- Removes RNA primers from both stands.

  • DNA Ligase- Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki fragments. With regards to the field of biology what is the "Central Dogma"? DNA- Transcription-RNA-Translated-Protein. Compare and contrast the terms transcription and translation. In your answer describe the starting source of information, where the process occurs, the major enzyme used for the process, and what the end product is. Transcription occurs in the nucleus or mitochondria. It's starting source is a sequence of DNA. The enzyme is RNA polyermase. The end product is the single strand of RNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Initiated by tRNA that recognizes the start codon on the mRNA. The end product is a protein. List the 3 most common types of RNA and what they are used for. mRNA - Messenger. tRNA - Brings the individual amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA - Ribosomal. What is meant by the term "RNA processing". Describe 3 processing steps that occur to mRNA before it is translated into protein. Pre-mRNA with intron Pre-mRNA with exons joined. Cap added and a poly-A tail. finished mRNA. What is a ribosome made of and what is its function? Made of complexes of RNAs and proteins. Function is to make proteins. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure.

Primary Structure- linear arrangement of amino acids Secondary Structure- local 3D conformations, a-helices and b-sheets formation. tertiary structure- The final 3D structure of the amino acid chain. Quaternary Structure- Multiple chains interacting with each other. Describe why pH is important in biological processes involving protein function? Proteins are fragile and a change in pH can cause denaturing of the protein. What methods can scientist use to denature proteins? Heating, pH change, salt concentration change. List four different functions of proteins in living cells. Supply structural support. Communication inside of and between cells Catalyzing reactions Transport & storage of other biomolecules. What is meant by the term "post translational modification" of proteins? Modifications that occur after the protein is translated. What is the difference between the term "genome" and the term "proteome"? Genome: 20-30K protein coding genes in human genome. Proteome: >30K proteins. (A) Define what Recombinant DNA is. (B) What can the end products of this process be? DNA molecules made by bringing together genetic material from multiple sources. Creates sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms End product can be the recombinant DNA itself or the RNA/proteins made from the recombinant DNA. Describe how we can clone DNA using a bacteria. As part of your answer describe (1) what a plasmid is, (2) explain how a restriction enzyme is used, (3) one way DNA can be inserted into a cell, and (4) describe how we prevent the growth of bacteria that did not incorporate the new genetic material into their DNA. To clone:

  1. isolate the plasmid- Extrachromosomal genetic element also made of a circular DNA molecule. 1.5. use restriction enzymes to open the plasmid.
  2. Isolate DNA from cell with gene of interest.
  3. Insert DNA into plasmid by using DNA ligase. (Transformation)
  4. Plasmid with new gene is put into bacterial cell.
  5. cell multiples with new recombinant DNA.
  6. Add selection sequence usually contains an antibiotic resistance gene to make sure we get the one we want.