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Bio principles unit 2 brooks questions
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all organisms are made of cells and come from cells ✔✔Cell theory
When the cell size (INCREASES or DECREASES), the membrane gets smaller compared to cell volume. ✔✔increases
the study of cells ✔✔Cytology
"how can cork float"
Took sections, looked under microscope and found that they had
tiny chambers (aka cells) ✔✔Robert Hooke
Part of electromagnetic spectrum via sun, delivering energy that
can be recorded as wavelengths (convert into color - ROY G BIV:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) ✔✔Light (microscope)
However, there is no use for light microscope because there are
also ________ wavelengths (ultraviolet) ✔✔shorter
Uses electrons
Cannot take pictures of electrons because they are too small and
too fast ✔✔Electron microscope
Bombards organism with electrons, shape will determine where
electron is ✔✔SEM (scanning electron microscopy)
iii. Other way is to put thin slices under microscope, which will allow
more electrons to pass through ✔✔TEM (transmission electron
microscopy)
Cells are made up of smaller components called _____________. ✔✔organelles
Flagella rotate
Ribosomes present
Plasma membrane produces ATP
Cell wall ✔✔Prokaryotic (cell)
nucleus-like, but not nucleus ✔✔Nucleoid
all cells must have them; used to create protein ✔✔ribosomes
______ ________ produces ATP: crista membrane, inner membrane of
mitochondria ✔✔plasma membrane
composed of a fluidlike phospholipid bilayer,
proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins ✔✔Cell membrane
Complex cellular organization
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles ✔✔Eukaryotic Cells
material outside nucleus; Site for metabolic activity ✔✔Cytoplasm
solutions with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, O2, etc. ✔✔Cytosol
Membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions ✔✔Organelles
contains DNA in the form of chromosomes,
controls cellular activities via genes ✔✔Nucleus
located within the nucleus, site for ribosome
contains non-green pigments ✔✔Chromoplast
stores starch ✔✔Leukoplast
ATP synthesis; aerobic ✔✔Mitochondrion
general storage & space-filling structure ✔✔Vacuole
supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules,
microfilaments and intermediate filaments; internal framework, consisting of
many proteins, for materials to meet each other (highways) ✔✔cytoskeleton
largest in size; tubular molecule (tubin); can form cilia,
flagella and centrioles ✔✔Microtubules
smallest in size; Actin (example) is a major protein in muscle contraction ✔✔Microfilaments
between microfilaments and microtubules in
size ✔✔Intermediate filaments
Cytoplasm
Mosaic = thrown in haphazardly
Phospholipids
Glycoproteins
Proteins
Cholesterol ✔✔Plasma Membrane "Fluid Mosaic Model"
cyto- = cell, plasm = fluid
What kind of carbohydrates is the cell wall for fungi composed of? ✔✔Chitin
What kind of carbohydrate derivatives is the cell wall for bacteria composed of? ✔✔peptidoglycan
__________ cell walls are not the same as fungi and plants. ✔✔bacteria
"__________" via Thermal Energy & Concentration Gradient --> relies on thermal energy of matter; the cell does not do work ✔✔Passive
must have something there; measure of movement of
molecules ✔✔Temperature
energy ✔✔Heat
all motion has seized (proton, electron, neutron); not possible ✔✔Absolute zero
molecules very close together ✔✔Solid
molecules medium distance apart, flows easily ✔✔Liquid
molecules very far apart, flows easily ✔✔Gas
conditions in _______: cold, no matter, no energy to heat up, but there is heat ✔✔space
movement from an area of high concentration
to one of lower concentration (=diffusion) ✔✔Concentration gradient
movement from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration ✔✔Diffusion
"_________" Diffusion --> all particles in motion rely all matter has thermal
energy; does not require a membrane; does this until it reaches equilibrium ✔✔Simple
An example of "simple" diffusion, is a sugar cube _________ in tea ✔✔dissolving
diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane; going from
hypotonic to hypertonic through selectively permeable membrane ✔✔Osmosis
osmosis
minimum pressure needed to prevent inward
flow of pure solvent across semipermeable membrane; significant;
water is a greater medium in which forces can be transmitted ✔✔Osmotic Pressure
osmosis
useful for plants ✔✔Turgor Pressure
osmosis --> turgor pressure --> Wilting & Plasmolysis --> ________
filled with water; lost water = plasma membrane
removed from cell wall and comes in to the center to preserve water ✔✔vacuoles
osmosis --> turgor pressure --> Wilting & Plasmolysis --> ________
solution that fills the vacuoles of plant
cells ✔✔cell sap
osmosis --> _______
the relative concentration of solutes (comparing
solutions) ✔✔tonicity
Osmosis --> Tonicity --> ______
same concentration in both solutions
Cells shouldn't maintain _________ because they need
to keep things in and throw things out ✔✔Isotonic
Osmosis --> Tonicity --> ______
swell and burst (DI water); hypotonic ✔✔Cytolysis
In cytolysis, plant cells will not burst because they have a cell wall; the
cell will ______ but generally it retains its shape ✔✔stiffen
mass movements of fluids affected by pressure and solutes ✔✔Bulk flow
"_______" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> relies on the cell to provide the
energy supply to move materials; go against natural flow; rock going uphill ✔✔active
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> ________ _______
ATP is required; a permease is used to move a
substance, usually in the opposite direction of diffusion; Na/K temporarily
rush in gradient pump then has to be pumped out ✔✔membrane pumps
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> membrane pumps --> ______ _______
not symmetrical/even because for every 3
Na pumped out, 2 K come in ✔✔Na/K exchange pump
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy -->
materials brought into cell via Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis ✔✔Endocytosis
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> Endocytosis
materials brought into cell via __________: cell eating; solids ✔✔Phagocytosis
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> Endocytosis
materials brought into cell via __________: cell drinking; liquids ✔✔Pinocytosis
"Active" Transport via Cell Supplying Energy --> __________
Cell Connections --> Animals
not a lot of space between cells to prevent leaks
(urinary bladder) ✔✔Tight Junctions
Cell Connections --> Animals
not touching each other but have tubes to
communicate (liver) ✔✔Gap Junctions
Cell Connections --> Animals
flexible fibers that allow for stretching and contract back to normal state (stomach) ✔✔Demosomes
can be generally categorized relative to its passive or active state ✔✔Energy
free energy; is stored for subsequent use to do work ✔✔Potential (Energy)
acceleration; is in action or actively doing some kind of
work as a result of motion ✔✔Kinetic Energy
When PE is highest, KE is ________. ✔✔lowest
Laws of _______ _______ dictate that when conversions between specific kinds of energy occur, thermal energy will be involved, even if unintended ✔✔natural physics
The total energy in any closed system is always constant, but energy can change from one type to another; thus, energy cannot be created or destroyed ✔✔First Law (of Thermodynamics)
The free (potential) energy to do work in a closed system decreases, whereas entropy (disorder) increases; thus, no energy
transfer is 100% efficient in doing work ✔✔Second law (of Thermodynamics)
Materials, stay the same
