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BIO 1000 HUMAN BIOLOGY 2025 - 2026 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND WELL
ELABORATED ANSWERS 100% RATED A+
GRADED-CAPELLA UNIVERSITY
Evolution the modification of populations of living things over time
- can result in new species Species Individuals that can be interbred with one another and produce offspring that can also reproduce Natural selection Those organisms better adapted to their environment will be more likely to survive and pass their traits on to future generations Fitness
The measure of reproductive success
- the fittest individuals are those that leave the most descendants for selection to be an agent of evolutionary change the traits considered must:
- vary
- be heritable
- affect fitness (reproductive output) What is considered the unifying principle of biology Evolution Morphology Study of the physical forms that organisms take Embryology Study of how organisms develop from fertilization to birth Populations evolve but individuals do not
Mutation is the only means by which new genetic information is introduced Gene flow movement of genes from one population to another
- occurs through migration Genetic drift The chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population Nonrandom mating mating in which a given member of the population is not equally likely to mate with any other given member EX: 4 females, 4 males- 1 male breeds with all 4 females Natural selection The only one of the five agents that consistently works to adapt organisms to their environment
- Most important agent in shaping the natural world Ecology the study of the interaction of living things with one another and their environment Ecosystem all the organisms in a given area and the non-living factors with which they interact Biodiversity The variety of living things What percent of the sun's energy that reaches the earth do autotrophs capture 3% What is the #1 threat to conservation Habitat destruction What are other threats to conservation
- DNA ligase joins fragments on lagging strand Continuous strand Leading strand Discontinuous strand Lagging strand DNA contains instructions for how to build Proteins Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries protein building instructions from the nucleus to ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) Delivers amino acids to ribosomes To produce proteins
- DNA is transcribed to form mRNA in then nucleus, mRNA travels to the ribosome
- At the ribosome, RNA is translated to form polypeptide chains that make up proteins Transcription Single strand of mRNA is formed from a DNA template Codons Composed of 3 nucleotide bases found on the mRNA (genetic code) How many different codons for amino acids 61 with 3 stop codons Translation
- tRNAs attach to amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosome
- tRNAs have base triplets called anticodons that complement the codons found on mRNA
- tRNAs attached to the amino acids bind to the mRNA strand bringing the amino acid to the ribosome in the process
- Amino acids are strung together to make polypeptides that compose proteins
Increases the chances of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer (T or F) Multiples mutations are required to produce a cancer cell True Carcinogens Cancer causing agents Changes in DNA often result from long-term exposure to mutagens (carcinogens) Gene expression the process through which genetic info flows from genes to proteins
- Turned off and on by turning transcription off and on Cellular differentiation cells become specialized in structure and function in many divisions that lead from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular organism
What must cells have what for cellular differentiation? a nucleus and retain a complete set of genes The structure and function of a cell is dictated by the genes that are turned on in a cell Clone genetically identical copy Clones in nature aspen trees, strawberries Dolly exact genetic replica of another sheep How was Dolly cloned?
- cell was taken from the udder of 1 sheep and the egg from another sheep (with no nucleus)
Restriction enzymes found in bacteria, used to cut DNA Transformation bacteria pick up DNA from surroundings Plasmids Ring of bacterial DNA that can be incorporated into the bacterial cell Scientists use restriction enzymes to cut a gene out of the human DNA, then the same enzyme is used to make a cut in the DNA of a plasmid Fragments from human genes will fit into plasmids of bacteria like a piece of a puzzle Bacteria then take up the plasmids containing the human genes and replicate- turning out collectible qualities of the desired protein (insulin)
Recombinant DNA 2 or more sections of DNA that have been combined by humans
- doesn't exist in nature Gel electrophoresis Sorts proteins and nucleic acids by charge polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA is mixed with DNA polymerase and nucleotides which allow the DNA to replicate What can PCR be used for Replicating DNA in fossils & artifacts for medical purposes and DNA found at a crime scene Human Genome genome consists of the entire genetic makeup of an individual When was the Human Genome Project completed?
Aneuploidy What causes abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes? Nondisjunction Is nondisjunction better to occur in Meiosis 2 or Meiosis 1? Meiosis 2 because 2 cells will still be normal All 4 cells will be abnormal in Meiosis 1 Kleinfelter Syndrome XXY If an individual is sterile or has feminine characteristics He/She has Kleinfelter's Syndrome Males with XYY Are usually taller
Females with XXX (Metafemales) Have limited fertility Turner Syndrome XO If someone is sterile, has short stature, and neck webbing He/She has Turner Syndrome DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymer composed of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group, nitrogeneous base, and 5 carbon sugar The structure of DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix
