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BIO201 Exam 4 with questions and answers 2025/26 exam guide 100% solved.
Typology: Exams
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Two lwngthwise grooves that divide spinal cord into right and left halves
Ventral Median fissure and Dorsal median sulcus
Gray commissure
connects masses of gray matter and encloses central canal
central canal
pathway for CSF
Posterior (dorsal) horn
holds axons from sensory neurons and interneuron soma
Anterior horn
holds soma of voluntary motor neurons
Lateral horn
holds soma of autonomic (sympathetic) motor neurons
Ventral root
path for voluntary motor axons to leave anterior horn
Dorsal root
path for sensory axons to enter posterior horn
Dorsal root ganglion
holds sensory neuron cell bodies
31
amygdala
emotion
hipocampus
Procedural long-term memory
knowing how
Declarative long-term memory
knowing that
Semantic memories
facts
Episodic memories
personal experiences
to mediate memory
storage
utilizes glutamate (binds to NMDA, AMPA, or kainite)
Prefrontal Cortex (memory)
problem-solving, short-term memory, planning (mirror neurons)
Cerebral Hemispheres (memory)
memory storage
Amygdala (memory)
crucial for fear memories
Hippocampus (memory)
critical for new memories and consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories
Short-term memory
Involves recurrent (reverberating) circuits of neuronal activity; neurons form a circular path; mediated in the prefrontal cortex
Broca's Area (language)
necessary for motor production of speech (getting mouth to work)
Wernicke's Area (language)
necessary for language comprehension (choosing correct words)
//Apneustic breathing center: promotes inspiration
// Pneumotaxic breathing center: inhibits inspiration & decreases tidal
Brainstem
Three regions of Brain Stem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Includes:
superior colliculi (fx)
vision
inferior colliculi (fx)
auditory
nigrostriatal tract (fx)
red nucleus & substantia nigra involved with motor coordination; dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra degenerate with parkinsons
mesolimbic tract (fx)
dopamine neurons involved with reward/addiction
Diencephalon:
Composed of three left/right bilaterally symmetrical structures
Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
//Pineal Gland: produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycle
//Choroid Plexus: secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cerebral Lateralization
specialized function for each hemisphere of the brain
Hemispheres communicate via
corpus callosum & other white matter tracts
Right hemisphere
insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, artistic skills
Left hemisphere
controls language, math, logic
Basal Ganglia (fx)
Basal Ganglia
gray matter deep in cerebrum
Multimodal Association Areas
Integrate diverse information; receives
input from multiple sensory areas; send outputs to multiple areas; allows
us to give meaning to information, store it as memory, compare it to past,
decide to take action, etc.
Anterior Association Area location
Prefrontal Cortex
Anterior Association Area (fx)
persistence, conscience
environment
Posterior Association Area location
large region in temporal, parietal, &
occipital lobes
Primary Visual Cortex location
located posterior tip of occipital lobe, buried
in calcimine sulcus
Primary Visual Cortex (fx)
receives visual information from retinas
Primary Auditory complex location
located in superior margin of temporal
lobes
Primary Auditory Complex (fx)
interprets information (pitch, loudness, location) from inner ear
Primary Gustatory Cortex location
insula
Primary Gustatory Cortex (fx)
taste perception
Primary Olfactory Cortex location
located medial aspect of temporal lobes
Primary Olfactory Cortex (fx)
Primary Motor Cortex location
pre central gyrus (in front of central sulcus); contains large pyramidal cells w/ long axons that
create corticospinal tracts
Primary Motor Cortex (fx)
allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
Motor Homunculi
upside-down caricatures representing
motor innervation of body regions. The more "real-estate", the more motor control of those areas
Frontal lobe (fx)
Partietal love (fx)
Temporal lobe (fx)
Occipital lobe (fx)
Insula (fx)
Cerebrum
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
division that controls visceral functions of the body, includes sensory input, motor output, and visceral reflexes
Preganglionic Neuron is cholinergic
true
Preganglionic Neuron
releases acetylcholine from (Ach) from its axon
terminals
Acetylcholinesterase (degradative enzyme) hangs out on
post-ganglionic neuron
Axons of pre-ganglionic neurons are lightly _________and post-ganglionic neuron are _________
myelinated, unmyelinated
The neurotransmitter that gets released at post-ganglionic axon terminals depends on
which ANS division (sympathetic or parasympathetic) the neuron belongs to
PNS originates in
craniosacral region
75% of PNS action supplied by
vagus nerve
Cranial Nerve X
controls thorax and abdomen (Heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, upper half of large intestine)
Sacral nerves (2nd thru 4th)
controls urinary system, reproductive system, rectum, Lower half of large intestine
Preganglionic neuron releases Ach, which binds to Nicotinic Ach receptors on postganglionic
neurons
True
Ach that gets released from post-ganglionic neuron binds to Muscarinic Ach receptors on the Effector Tissue
True
Ach that gets released from post-ganglionic neuron binds to Nicotenic Ach receptors on the Effector Tissue
FalsePreganglionic neuron releases Ach, which binds to Muscarinic Ach receptors on postganglionic
neurons
False
Muscarinic Ach receptors on effector tissue
act via Gprotein mediated effects
PNS - Heart
