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BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide
(Straighterline A&P II) Questions and
Answers Rated A+
Viscosity of Blood? ✔✔twice as thick as water
How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? ✔✔ 20 - 60 seconds
What is the composition of Blood ✔✔55% plasma, 45% formed elements,
What are the fucntions of blood? ✔✔-Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients
- Regulats pH and osmosis process
- Maintain body temperature
- Protect against foreign substances
- Assist in clotting
What is the composition of plasma? ✔✔91% water
7% proteins
2% other solutes
What proteins are found in blood plasma? ✔✔albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What solutes are found in blood plasma? ✔✔Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances
What are two blood disorders ✔✔Anemia and sickle-cell disease
What is sickle-cell disease? ✔✔an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin
What is anemia? ✔✔a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
How much blood does the heart pump per minute? ✔✔~5 1/4 Quarts per minute
What to chambers of the heart do? ✔✔Receive and return blood from and to the body
What is the purpose of heart valves? ✔✔prevent back flow of blood, ensure one-directional
What are the four valves of the heart? ✔✔The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side.
Blood flow through the heart ✔✔SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body
Arteries ✔✔carry blood away from the heart, muscular and elastic
Veins ✔✔Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries ✔✔Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
Pulmonary hypertension ✔✔Narrowed arteries in lungs and heart decrease blood flow from heart and decrease oxygen from lungs to rest of body
components of lymphatic system ✔✔lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs
What is lymph? ✔✔watery fluid contained in lymphatic vessels that contains white blood cells and antibodies
What are lymphatic vessels? ✔✔Thinner than veins and continuously filter cellular waste from the extracellular fluid by circulating it through lymph nodes
What are the lymphatic tissue types? ✔✔Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Reticular Cells
What are lymphocytes? ✔✔White blood cells found in lymph, blood, etc.m and provide immunity. They originate in bone marrow.
What are the two lymphocytes? ✔✔B cells and T cells
What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? ✔✔Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes
What is edema? ✔✔a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling.
What is the immune system? ✔✔The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms.
What are lymph nodes? ✔✔Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection
Functions of the respiratory system? ✔✔Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production
What are the upper respiratory organs? ✔✔nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
What are the lower respiratory organs? ✔✔larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the functions of the sinuses? ✔✔Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice
What are the functions of the nasal cavity? ✔✔Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream
What is the function of the nose? ✔✔Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body
What is the function of the pharynx? ✔✔passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
What is the function of the larynx? ✔✔houses vocal cords; prevents foreign objects such as food and drink from entering trachea
Function of the trachea? ✔✔Maintains open passageway for air, filters air with mucus lining
Function of the bronchial tree? ✔✔air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
Respiratory disorders? ✔✔Asthma, Emphysema, Lung cancer, pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis
What is asthma and its treatment? ✔✔chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Epi and dilating stimulants and corticosteroids or NSAIDs
What is emphysema, and its treatment? ✔✔a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Treated by bronchodiaters, diuretics, corticosteroids
What is Lung Cancer? ✔✔uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death
What is Pneumonia? Its treatment? ✔✔Lower respiratory tract infection causing alveoli to fill with dead WBCs. Treatment is Rest, fluids, and aspirin.
What is Strep Throat? Treatment? ✔✔Bacterial inflamed pharynx associated with pain. Treatment is antibiotics.
What is tuberculosis? Treatment? ✔✔Bacteria invaded lungs that create tubercle structures impeding respiration. Treatment is antibiotics.
What are the digestive controls? ✔✔Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion, Digestion Enzymes
What are the four major digestive enzyme categories? ✔✔Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Intestinal
Functions of Salivary Enzymes? ✔✔Break down starch and glycogen into dissacharides
Functions of Gastric Enzymes? ✔✔Break down proteins and butter fats
What are the digestive proceses? ✔✔Ingestion, Mastication, Propulsion, Mixing, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption
What is ingestion? ✔✔taking food into the mouth
What are the digestive accessory organs? ✔✔teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What does the liver do? ✔✔It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat
What does the gallbladder do? ✔✔stores and concentrates bile
What do the pancreas do? ✔✔Produce and secrete pancreatic juice
What is pancreatic juice? ✔✔a variety of enzymes, including:
- trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase (break down proteins),
- pancreatic lipase (breaks down lipids),
- nucleases (break down nucleic acids) and
- amylase (breaks down starches.)
- bicarbonate ions in the enzyme mix help to raise the pH of chyme.
What is a calorie? ✔✔the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
What are the nutrient classes? ✔✔water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals
Function of Water? ✔✔Serves as a coolant, Solvent, Aids in Metabolic reactions, Dilutes and Eliminates Waste, Supports blood volume and pressure
Function of Carbs? ✔✔Energy
Function of lipids? ✔✔Store energy, synthesize Vitamin D, Clot blood
