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BIO230 UofT Final Exam 2024-2025, Exams of Biology

Pittsburg State University (PSU)Biology

BIO 230 Experimental Design and Biostatistics Investigates the use of statistical methodology to evaluate biological hypotheses.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 12/15/2024

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BIO230 UofT Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk
1. What domains are polar in multicellular organisims: Apical domain
basolateral domain
2. Polarized cells can...: have different functions at different cell regions
define inside v outside
transmit signals from one end to the other
3. Exocytosis: directly to the target domain
-out
4. endocytosis: process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of
the cell membrane
in
5. Trafficking routes: polarized
proteins are organized at sorting station
balanced by retrieval pathways
6. ER-> Golgi-> plasma membrane: some trafficking routes are polarized
7. Transmembrane ->Golgi network: proteins are organized at sorting stations
8. ER retrieval from Golgi: different routes are balanced by retrieval pathways
9. Most cargo moves through: Constitutive sectretion
10. What is not required for constitutive secretion: specific signals
11. returns membrane back to the golgi: clathrin-coated vesicles
12. Clathrin-coated vesicles: shrink vesicle
makes cargo more concentrated
13. Regualted secretion: releases material in response to a signal
do not fuse with the plasma membrane until signal is received
14. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
15. Phagocytosis: A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells
16. Plasma membrane repair: fixes a wound in the cell by exocytosis
17. Plasma membrane - early endosome- lysosome: polarized
18. endosomes: sorting stations
19. re-secretion to plasma membrane: retrieval pathways
20. 3 options for endocytosed proteins: recyclying, transcytosis, degradation
21. Vesicle trafficking types: donor membrane into cytoplasm
vesicle fusion
donor membrane away from the cytoplasm
22. what does LDL bind to?: LDL receptors coated with clathrin triskelion
23. COPII: ER to cis-Golgi
24. COPI: Golgi to ER
25. Clathrin: Trans Golgi-->Lysosomes; Plasma membrane-->Endosomes
26. Retromer: multiprotein coat that forms on an endosomal vesicle only
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  1. What domains are polar in multicellular organisims: Apical domain basolateral domain
  2. Polarized cells can...: have different functions at different cell regions define inside v outside transmit signals from one end to the other
  3. Exocytosis: directly to the target domain -out
  4. endocytosis: process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane in
  5. Trafficking routes: polarized proteins are organized at sorting station balanced by retrieval pathways
  6. ER-> Golgi-> plasma membrane: some trafficking routes are polarized
  7. Transmembrane ->Golgi network: proteins are organized at sorting stations
  8. ER retrieval from Golgi: different routes are balanced by retrieval pathways
  9. Most cargo moves through: Constitutive sectretion
  10. What is not required for constitutive secretion: specific signals
  11. returns membrane back to the golgi: clathrin-coated vesicles
  12. Clathrin-coated vesicles: shrink vesicle makes cargo more concentrated
  13. Regualted secretion: releases material in response to a signal do not fuse with the plasma membrane until signal is received
  14. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
  15. Phagocytosis: A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
  16. Plasma membrane repair: fixes a wound in the cell by exocytosis
  17. Plasma membrane - early endosome- lysosome: polarized
  18. endosomes: sorting stations
  19. re-secretion to plasma membrane: retrieval pathways
  20. 3 options for endocytosed proteins: recyclying, transcytosis, degradation
  21. Vesicle trafficking types: donor membrane into cytoplasm vesicle fusion donor membrane away from the cytoplasm
  22. what does LDL bind to?: LDL receptors coated with clathrin triskelion
  23. COPII: ER to cis-Golgi
  24. COPI: Golgi to ER
  25. Clathrin: Trans Golgi-->Lysosomes; Plasma membrane-->Endosomes
  26. Retromer: multiprotein coat that forms on an endosomal vesicle only

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk

  1. SNARE proteins: help mediate vesicle fusion t-SNARES and v-SNARES required -must be on opposite membranes
  2. ESCRT proteins: can form vesicles away from the cytoplasm into lumen or extracellular space vesicle formation machinery in cytoplasm
  3. ESCRT-0: binds PI(3)P and collects mono-ubiquitinated cargo proteins, provides binding site for ESCRT-I
  • initiation and cluster cargo selection step
  1. ESCRT-1, 2, and 3: help push vesicle away from cytosol
  2. How many of the following are examples of vesicle formation into the cytoplasm? COPII-mediated secretory vesicle formation at the ER ESCRT-Mediated vesicle formation clathrin-mediated endocytic vesicle formation any process mediated by SNARE proteins: 2
  3. Phosphoinositides: label different membrane domains diff membrane domains and compartments contain diff lipids diff PIPS are found at diff subcellular locations Phosphorylation site positions are numbers in brackets total number of phosphorylation sites subscript number
  4. PI(3)P: phagocytosis -endosomes -can phosphorylate PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,5)P -can dephosphorylate PI
  5. PI(4)P: endocytosis -golgi -can dephosphorylate PI -can phosphorylate PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P
  6. PI(4,5)P2: Golgi and PLasma membrane can dephosphorylate Pi(5)P and PI(4)P can phosphorylate PI(3,4,5)P bind to adaptor proteins for clathrin mediated enodocytosis
  7. PI(3,5)P2: Endocytosis -late endosomes -can dephosphorylate PI(5)P
  8. PI(3,4,5)P3: phagocytosis -plasma membrane -can dephosphorylate PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4)P

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk -is hydrolized t-form subunits -if found at tip of microtubule will fall (depolymerization)

  1. Beta tubulin: found at plus end t-form heterodimer adds to plus end -stable associations -GTP-bound
  2. Dynamic instability: The rapid switching between growth and shrinkage shown by microtubules.
  3. gamma tubulin: interacts w/ alpha tubulin at minus end nucleates or stabilized the (-)end protects microtubules from depolymerization at (-) end (+) end grows away from nucleation site in animals, found near centrioles in plants, found on other microtubules
  4. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs): a class of proteins that participate in the regulation of microtubule assembly and function some kinesis can "walk" towards (+) end some dyneins can move towards (-) end hold onto vesicles or organelles w/ other domain both use ATP hydrolysis for energy
  5. Transported along microtubules: vesicles and organelles
  6. Which of these statements about microtubules is true? a) when a centrosome is present each microtubule contains a variable number of protofilaments b)long, growing microtubules will contain GTP and GDP c) A cell with many microtubules will not have any actin filaments d) gamma-tubulin stabilizes microtubules minus ends by anchoring them onto a cylindrical centriole core: B
  7. Actin Monomers: asymmetric polar bind and hydrolize ATP assemble polarized actin filaments
  8. Actin Filaments: t form (ATP bound)-more stable D form (ADP bound)-less stable T form polymerize and then hydrolyze into a d form in the (-) end... T form more likely in (+) end

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  1. treadmilling: Hydrolysis will catch up with the (-) end because it is slow Hydrolysis lags behind the (+) end pushes cell leading edge forward -(+) end grows towards edge -allows cells to crawl -must be anchored tho
  2. ARP2/3 complex: A protein complex that binds actin filaments and initiates the formation of branches. nucleates the (-) end and protects them from depolymerization (+) end grows away from complex nucleate actin filaments on pre-existing filaments whole network can go through treadmilling proteins sever (-) end to release complex -will depolymerize -capped proteins cap the (+) ends -will stop additional subunits -will go towards edge of cell
  3. Integrins: anchor actin filaments to the extracellular matrix directly bind extracellular matrix proteins indirectly acts w/ actin filaments prove adhesion necessary for cell migration
  4. Mysosin: motor domains use ATP hydrolysis for energy hold onto vesicles or organelles w/ their other domain can help cells contract "walk" towards (+) end actin and myosin work together to generate force
  5. A graduate student adds actin monomers and ATP into a test tube with a buffer that resembles the cell cytosol. What else must be added to the tube to produce ADP? a) severing protein cofilin b) nucleating protein ARP2/ c) cofilin and ARP2/ d) nothing: D

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk basolateral domain domains are defined and maintained formed by occludins & claudins limit diffusion into extracellular space limit diffusion of membrane proteins regulates what enters organism

  1. adherens junctions: connects actin filament bundle in one cell with that in the next cell form first provide polarity cues to define apical from basolateral domains
  2. desmosome: connects intermediate filaments in one cell to those in the next cell
  3. gap junction: allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules from cell to cell
  4. Cadherins: cell-cell junctions transmembrane proteins expressed by both cells interact homophilic interactions of their extracellular domains require Ca2+ directly link adjacent cells indirectly interact w/ actin filaments indirectly link the actin cytoskeleton btwn adjacent cells in epithelial tissues interact in patches to form a strong adhesion belt
  5. integrins: cell-extracellular matrix junctions heterodimers directly bind to extracellular matrix(EXCM) proteins transmembrane domain indirectly interact w/ actin filaments alpha and beta subunit act together to bind to an EXCM protein
  6. Homophilic interactions: btwn E-cadherins btwn N-cadherins none btwn E and N cadherins sort into 2 seperate groups
  7. Adhesion belts: mediate morphogenisis -pulls cells to form a tube -diff cadherins establish new interactions and ensure neural tube closure
  8. Which of the following most closely resembles adherins junctions muta- tion in the outer epithelium of Drosophila embryos? a) Hemidesmosome mutation in the outer epithelium b) calcium removal at the outer epithelium

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk c) intermediate filament depolymerization in the outer epithelium d) occludin mutation in the outer epithelium: B

  1. Basal domain: faces the inside of the body
  2. apical domain: faces the surface, cavity or organ
  3. basolateral domain: basal & lateral domains often grouped
  4. Occludins & Claudins: form homophilic interactions directly link adjacent cells many rows of them will form tight junction
  5. Active transporters: move glucose into the epithelial cell on the apical domain
  6. passive carriers: basolateral domain allow glucose to diffuse out of the epithe- lial cell into the connective tissue/blood
  7. Cell polarity: the cell has a "front" and "back" extracellular or internal signals can polarize cell behaviour initial polarity signal is external Intracellular trafficking + cytoskeleton organization + cell adhesion = functional epithelium
  8. An occludin mutation in ________ cells will directly affect _____. a) intesitnal epithelial; glucose transport b) drosophila embryonic; movement of the outer epithelium c) drosophila embryonic; segmentation of the outer epithelium epithelial; adherens junction formation: A
  9. Multicellular development: ongoing process that occurs in adults from stem cells
  10. Embryogenesis: fertilized egg --cleavage--> blastula--gastrulation--> grastula
  11. Cleavage: cell proliferation
  12. Gastrulation: cell differentiation cell morphogenisis change from ball of cells to an embryo with a guy & 3 germ layer
  13. Grastula: Ectoderm- outer layer Mesoderm- hanging around in the middle Endoderm- middle but still slightly connected
  14. ectoderm: epidermis and nervous system
  15. Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk

  1. Plant cell growth: cellulose can assymmetrically distributed in the cell wall will force expansion in one direction guided by microtubules

  2. Cerebral cortex cells: whole cells migrate to the tip of the radial glial cell first born neurons are in the deeper layer, last born neurons are in the outer layer

  3. Which morphogenesis process is correctly matched with the example developmental process? a) cell division & cell shape change--neural tube formation b) convergent extension -- plant cell elongation] c)ingression/delamination--cerbral cortex development d) invagination/involution-- gastrulation: D

  4. Differentiation: the acquisiton of specialized cell functions (cell fates ) via differential genome expression

  5. Cell Fates: specialized cell functions multicellular development differential genome expression

  6. Asymmetric division

  7. Symmetric division; perception of a signal 2.a. lateral inhibition 2.b. induction by diffusible signals 2.c. other mechanisms

  8. Asymmetric division: child cells are born with different fates -unevenly distributed before division -cell fate marker will only be inherited by one child cell -needs correct spindle alignment and cytokinesis -creates tissue patterns

  9. Symmetric division: child cells born the same, but acquire different fates

  10. Lateral inhibition: both cells begin the same tiny difference changes one cell molecular mechanisms will amplify differences different fates -isolated differentiated cells

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk

  1. Notch signalling: Type of signalling in which the sending cell has a messenger sticking out from its cell membrane and it comes into physical contact with the notch receptor of the other cell -delta activates notch signals -notch signals inhibit delta expression -pattern of isolated differentiated cells in a field of relatively undifferentiated cells
  2. Ring or Band pattern: -organizer tissue secrete a morphogen -taking on a new cell fate -pattern of ring or bands
  3. Morphogen: diffusible signals that can affect cell differentiation: they diffuse and act on nearby cells -cells respond differently to same morphogen -depends on diffusion rate -cannot be indefinitely active
  4. Stomata are little "mouths" on the plant surface for gas exchange. Stom- ata develop via a highly regulated pattern and are carefully spaced in between non-differentiated cells. Which mechanism is most likely involved in this pat- terning? a) lateral inhibtion b) induction by a diffusible signal c) cell migration d) convergent extension: A
  5. Totipotent: cells can become any cell types (after fertilization) -almost all plant cells
  6. Pluripotent: cells can become any adult cell type
  7. multipotent: cells can become multiple cells types
  8. Transcription factors: segmentation overlap of multiple signals sequential induction combination of cell fates
  9. Hox genes: determine which body part will develop from a segment (Drosophila) organized into Hox complex on chromosomes encodes transcription factors

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk -environment determines if they remain stem or change -flexible: both child cells can have same fate -slow division: prevents mistakes

  1. Partitioned between child cells: internal stem cell fate determinants
  2. Stem cell niche: Secreted signal molecules direct cell-cell contact -if leaves will differentiate -basal lamina
  3. transit amplifying cells: cells divide rapidly to increase cell numbers before final differentiation -prickle cell layer -increase cell numbers before final differentiation
  4. Progenitor cells: stepwise differentiation (the cell division after the original stem cell)
  5. unipotent: Can only become one type of cell
  6. Terminally differntiated: fully differentiated and will not usually divide again
  7. Environmental asymmetry: Daughter cells produced by the division of a stem cell are initially the same, but environmental influences direct one daughter cell to differentiate
  8. A graduate student uses x-irradiation to halt blood cell production in a mouse and then injects isolated committed progenitor cells from a healthy donor into the irradiated mouse's bone marrow. Which of the following will most likely be observed? a) the irradiated mouse will live a long and healthy life, with a steady supply of differentiated blood cells b) the irradiated mouse will live a long and healthy life, with a steady supply of committed progenitor and differentiated blood cells c) the irradiated mouse will die from immune acceptance d) the irradiated mouse will live for a short time, but will die due to a decrease in blood cells: D
  9. embryonic stem (ES) cells: stem cells from early embryos that can develop into any cell type -macrophage -neuron -adipocyte

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_be08hk -smooth muscle cell -astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

  1. Induced pluripotent stems (IPS) cells: can be made from adults genome expression is diff from ES cell OSKM factors (Yamanaka factors)
  2. How do OSKM factors reprogram cells to become pluripotent stem cells? a) they are transcription factors that change gene expression to alter cell fate. b) they are hormones that cause growth changes to alter cell fate. c) they are receptors that directly change cell signalling to alter cell fate d) they are cyclin-dependent kinases that change the cell cycle to alter cell fate.: A
  3. extracellular signalling molecules: any molecule that can transmit signals between cells
  4. receptor: binds a signalling molecule
  5. ligand: signaling molecule
  6. intracellular signaling molecules: any molecule that can transmit a signal within a cell
  7. secondary messengers: non-protein small intracellular signalling molecules
  8. effectors: receive signals to change cell behaviour
  9. input/output: the start/end of the pathway
  10. upstream/downstream: relative positions in the pathway
  11. contact depended: two cells must be very close to connect membrane-bound signal in signalling cell to membrane-bound receptor in target cell
  12. Paracrine: signalling cell releases a local diffusible signal to target cells
  13. autocrine: a cell secretes a diffusible signal for itself
  14. Signal movements restricted by:: internalization by cells degradation or destruction limited diffusion
  15. synaptic: neuron extends an axon to reach a distant target cell -very fast
  16. endocrine: endocrine cell secretes hormones into the bloodstream for long-range distribution in the body -very slow

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  1. Negative feedback: stimulus activates A activates B deactivates A
  2. long delay: creates an oscillating output
  3. Short delay: output intensity is decreased (adaptation or desensitization)
  4. Scaffold protein: bind intracellular signalling proteins -limit protein movement -ensure signals are passed in order
  5. SH3 domains: bind proline-rich sequences -do not require phosporylation
  6. SH2 & PTB: bind phosphorylated tyrosines -only interact when receptor is phosporylated
  7. PH domain: bind phosphoinositides
  8. Coincidence detector: require multiple signals protein will not be activated if both phosphorylation sites aren't occupied
  9. hydrophobic molecules: pasivley diffuse through lipid bilayer
  10. Cannot pass through bilayer: Small uncharge polar molecules, large un- charged polar molecules, ions
  11. Intracellular receptor: can be found in cell but also cytoplasm -transported by carrier protein -diffuse into target cell -bound by nuclear receptor superfamily proteins within the cell
  12. Nuclear receptor superfamily protein structure (NRSF): N-terminal tran- scription-activating domain Middle DNA binding domain C-terminal ligan-binding domain
  13. Conformational change: ligand binding to NRSF protein
  14. Nitric Oxide (NO): made from arginine fast and locally acting due to instability diffuses out of endothelial cell and activates signalling in smooth muscle cells guanylyl cyclase is both the receptor and the effector
  15. You have replaced the C-terminus of the nuclear receptor superfamily protein for cortisol with the C-terminus of the nuclear receptor superfamily protein for vitamin D; what do you expect to observe in cells that express this chimeric receptor? a) cells with activate cortisol responsive genes when exposed to cortisol b) cells will activate cortisol responsive genes when exposed to vitamin D c) cells will activate vitamin D responsive genes when exposed to cortisol d) There will be no changes to transcription in response to any signal since the chimeric nuclear receptor superfamily protein will not bind DNA.: B

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  1. Ion channel coupled receptors: gated by signalling molecule channels mediate passive transport -ions will flow down their electrochemical gradient
  2. Resting Synapse: -Synaptic vesicles of Neurotransmitters are waiting near the plasma membrane of the pre-synaptic cell -Gates ion channels in the target cell are closed
  3. Active chemical synapse: -a nerve impulse causes neurotransmitter release by vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane -neurotransmitters in the extracellular space open the ligand-gated ion channels in the target cell -ions move into the target cell down their concentration gradient, triggering respons- es in the target cell
  4. (GPCRs) G-protein-couple receptors: mediate diverse signals over 800 in humans 7-transmembrane domain proteins -Heterotrimeric large G-protein complex; Galpha, Gbeta, Ggamma -GPCR acts as a GEF -GTP bound Galpha is activated -GTP-Galpha dissociates for Gbetagamma -both activate at diff targets
  5. cAMP: small molecule secondary messenger synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase broken down to AMP by cAMP
  6. Inactive PKA: 4 subunits ; 2 regulatory subunits 2 catalytic subunits
  7. Active PKA: 2 molecules of cAMP bind each regulatory subunit catalytic subunits are release and are now active kinases
  8. You have discovered that a particular virus completely destroys the hu- man sense of smell during infection. How might this occur? a) the virus causes production of a protein that inhibits a specific GPCR b) the virus causes production of a protein that inhibits Gq c) the virus causes production of a protein that inhibits CREB phosphorylation d) the virus causes production of a protein that inhibits adenylyl cyclase: D
  9. Mechanisms of signalling via enzyme coupled receptors: Phosphorylation Proteolysis

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  1. Notch protein: cleaved into 2 pieces in the golgi when activated will bind to Delta Delta-notch is endocytosed into the delta expressing cell