Download Chemistry Notes: Molecules, Interactions, Organic Compounds, Enzymes & Inhibition and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Polar Molecule
An asymmetrical molecule, a dipole. Hydrophilic. Example: Water TERM 2
Nonpolar Molecule
DEFINITION 2 Symmetrical or balanced molecule. Hydrophobic molecule. Example: Lipid. TERM 3
Intermolecular Attractions
DEFINITION 3 Attractions between molecules Example: Hydrogen bonding between the two strands of DNA or between molecules of water. TERM 4
Characteristics of Water
DEFINITION 4 Strong H2 attractions between molecules. Very Polar. High Specific Heat. High heat of vaporization. Dissolves all polar molecules, a "universal solvent". Strong cohesion property; molecules stick together. Ice is less dense than water. Therefore ice floats on water and fish can live under the ice when a lake is frozen over. TERM 5
pH
DEFINITION 5 Measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is the measure of concentration of H+. Values 1-14. 0-6 Acid; 8-14 Basic; 7 is neutral. Stomach acid=2. Human Blood=7.4. Small Intestine=8.
Isomers
Organic Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. There are three types: Structural, geometric, and enantiomers(mirror images). Example: Three isomers of C6H12O6= Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose. TERM 7
Organic Compounds
DEFINITION 7 Compounds containing carbon. Examples: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. TERM 8
Carbohydrates
DEFINITION 8 Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Gives quick energy. Empirical formula: [CHxO]n (n=#of carbons). They are polymers. TERM 9
Polymers
DEFINITION 9 Chains of repeating units of monosaccharides TERM 10
Monosaccharides
DEFINITION 10 They are the most basic unit of biologically important carbohydrates. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose.
Steroids
Classified as lipids. Component of plasma membranes that make the membrane less fluid, more stable. Nonpolar and hydrophobic. Many are sex hormones in vertebrates. Ex: Cholesterol TERM 17
Proteins (A)
DEFINITION 17 Consists of elements: S, P, C, O, H, and N. Growth and Repair. Are polymers consisting of amino acids. Each has a unique shape or conformation that determines it's function. Chaperone proteins help other proteins fold into their precise shapes. Denatured in high temperatures. TERM 18
Proteins
(B)
DEFINITION 18 Primary Structure: amino acid sequence. Secondary Structure: intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Tertiary Structure: Globular proteins; 3-D shape determines specificity; due to all interactions other than H2 bonding. Quaternary Structure: consisting of more than a single chain. TERM 19
Nucleic Acids
DEFINITION 19 RNA-ribonucleic acid. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid. Polymers consisting of chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. TERM 20
Amino Acids
DEFINITION 20 Building blocks of proteins. 20 different kinds. Humans can synthesize only 12 and must ingest the other 8.
Enzyme Characteristics
Are organic catalysts. Control the rate of reactions. Lower the energy of activation. Assisted by coenzymes (vitamins) and cofactors (minerals). Begin to denature above 40 C in humans. Different functions at different pH levels. Function based on induced fit. TERM 22
Catalyzed Reaction Progress
DEFINITION 22 The reaction is exothermic because the potential energy (PE) of the products is less than that of the reactants. The presence of catalyst enables the reaction to occur at a lower temperature. In an endothermic reaction the PE of the products is less than the PE of the reactants TERM 23
Activation Energy
DEFINITION 23 Energy required to begin a reaction TERM 24
Substrate
DEFINITION 24 The molecule an enzyme works on; example: the enzyme maltase catalyzes maltose into glucose TERM 25
Active Site
DEFINITION 25 Where enzyme and substrate bond
Allosteric Inhibition
Involves an enzyme with two active sites:one for a substrate, on for an inhibitor (allosteric site); the enzyme can alternate between two different conformations: one active, one inactive. Formation of product is inhibited when the inhibitor binds to the inhibitor site and the enzyme undergoes a conformational change; the active site is altered and the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme
