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Download Comparing Gene Regulation and Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes and more Quizzes Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!
Eukaryote or Prokaryote? gene expression
regulation mainly occurs during initiation
during gene transcription
Prokaryote
TERM 2
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? DNA Structural
levels-chormatin must be rearranged to allow
access for RNA polymerase.
DEFINITION 2
Eukaryotes
TERM 3
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote? Activators facilitate
RNA polymerase binding to the repressor?
DEFINITION 3
Prokaryotes
TERM 4
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes? each operon is
under control of a single promotor
DEFINITION 4
Prokaryotes
TERM 5
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Transcription is
regulated by proteins that bind to gene
regulatory sequences
DEFINITION 5
Eukaryote
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? RNA processing
involves Transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
and translation are regulated
Eukaryote
TERM 7
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Gene regulation
occurs at several levels
DEFINITION 7
Eukaryotes
TERM 8
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Transcription and
Translation occur simultaneously
DEFINITION 8
Prokaryote
TERM 9
What region does RNA polymerase bind to on
an operon?
DEFINITION 9
Promotor
TERM 10
How is polycistronic mRNA related to
structural genes?
DEFINITION 10
The structural genes of an operon are transcribed as one
long polycistronic mRNA
What structure binds to the promotor region
allowing for the transcription of genes?
The inducer
TERM 17
Promotor regions are found within RNA or
DNA?
DEFINITION 17
DNA
TERM 18
In the Lac operon the Z gene codes for _____.
DEFINITION 18
The Z gene codes for-galactosidease
TERM 19
In the Lac Operon the Y gene codes for ______
DEFINITION 19
Y gene codes for Permease
TERM 20
In the Lac Operon the Z gene codes for _____
DEFINITION 20
the Z gene codes for Transacetylase
What is the function of -galactosidease?
oxidation of glucose and galactose for the cell energy
TERM 22
What is the function of Permease?
DEFINITION 22
Permease transports lactose into the cell
TERM 23
Once inside the cell lactose is converted into
_____
DEFINITION 23
Lactose is converted into an inducer called allolactose
TERM 24
In the Lac operon the A gene codes for _____
DEFINITION 24
The A gene codes for Transacetylase**function of
transacetylase is unknown**
TERM 25
What is a co-repressor?
DEFINITION 25
RepressionA metabolite of the repressor.It activates the
repressor by binding to it and the repressor co-repressor
complex inhibits transcription
Allolactose, an inducer, binds to the
Repressor when glucose is absent or present?
Allolactose binds to the repressor when glucose is absent
TERM 32
An increase of glucose deacrease or increases
cAMP?
DEFINITION 32
Glucose decreases the levels of cAMP
TERM 33
what is the coactivator of the lac operon?
DEFINITION 33
cAMP-CRP
TERM 34
The presence of glucose inhibits what co-
activator?
DEFINITION 34
The cAMP-CRP coactivator
TERM 35
in the LAc-operon cAMP-CRP complex forms
during the absence of ______
DEFINITION 35
cAMP-CRP inducer complex forms during the absence of
glucose
What 5 amino acids operons are involved with
transcriptional regulation via attenuation?
TrpHisLeuPheThr
TERM 37
What are the 5 transcriptional regulatory
processes of Prokaryotes?
DEFINITION 37
1.) induction2.) Repression3.) Positive Control4.) Catabolic
Repression5.) Attenuation
TERM 38
In attenuation, what causes the ribosome to
stall?
DEFINITION 38
Decreased levels of TRP (or Leu, His, Thr, Phe) causes the
ribosome to stall until enough TRP t-RNA is present
TERM 39
In attentuation, what causes termination of
transcription?
DEFINITION 39
high levels of TRP (or Phe, His, Leu, Thr) terminates
translation
TERM 40
During attenuation which loops forms when
transcription is occuring
DEFINITION 40
The 2-3 loop forms when transcription is occurring
Are DNA in Eukaryotes, prokaryotes, or both
bound to histones?
Only Eukaryotes have DNA that is bound histones**linear
DNA in Eukaryotes**
TERM 47
What makes prokaryotes so vulnerable to
mutations?
DEFINITION 47
The presence of introns makes prokaryotes vulnerable to
mutations which results in resistant bacterial strains
TERM 48
Do prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, or both have
introns?
DEFINITION 48
Only Eukaryotes have introns
TERM 49
Regulation of transcription is achieved in
chromatin remodeling by____
DEFINITION 49
histone acetylation
TERM 50
What reduces the electrostatic interactions
between histones and negatively charged
backbones?
DEFINITION 50
acetylationAcethylation removes the positive charge from
the histone making it easier for DNA to unwind from histones
What are the 5 regulatory process of
Eukaryotic gene alteration?
1.) Chromatin remodeling 2.) Methylation of DNA at
cytosine residues3.) Gene amplification4.) gene deletions 5.)
Gene rearrangment
TERM 52
What is an example of gene rearrangement in
eukaryotes that affect regulatory processes?
DEFINITION 52
antibodiesThey undergo recombination of segments of DNA
TERM 53
Regulatory DNA-binding proteins can be
______ or ______
DEFINITION 53
Regulatory DNA-binding proteins are repressors and
activators
TERM 54
What are two other names for Regulatory
binding proteins
DEFINITION 54
Specific transcription factors or transactivators
TERM 55
Mediator proteins are ______ or _______
DEFINITION 55
Co-repressors or co-activators
hormones bind to which steroid domain?
Ligand-binding domain (LBD)
TERM 62
in the steroid hormone receptor, inhibitor
binding sites bind to what proteins?
DEFINITION 62
Heat shock proteinsThis binding makes the Nuclear
localizsation signal (NLS)
TERM 63
What exposes the Nuclear localization signal
during transcriptional regulation by steroid
hormones?
DEFINITION 63
The binding of cortisol to GR (Glucocorticoi response) causes
GR to form a dimer and expose the NLS (nuclear localization
signal)
TERM 64
During transcriptional regulation by steroid
hormone receptors What does exposure of
the NLS result in?
DEFINITION 64
Exposure of the NLS causes the GR dimer to travel through
the nuclear pore to form GRE (glucocorticoid response
element) with DNA
TERM 65
T/F Transcriptional factors can be a hormone
receptor?
DEFINITION 65
TrueHormone receptors can be transcriptional
factorsexample: glucocorticoid Response (GR) and cortisol
binding
What are 2 examples of transcription factors
that are hormone receptors?
1.) Thyroid hormone receptor-retinoid receptor dimer (TR-
RXR)2.) GR receptor (glucocorticoid response receptor)
TERM 67
How is gene expression inhibited within the
retinoid X receptor?
DEFINITION 67
It is inhibited when the RXR (retinoid X receptor) binds to
thyroid response elements and corepressors
TERM 68
In zinc fingers the zn ion is cordinated with
what?
DEFINITION 68
the zinc finger is coordinated with 4 cysteine residues
TERM 69
What portion of the zn finger has a sequence
that binds to the major groove of DNA?
DEFINITION 69
The-helix that is formed in the NRS (nucleotide recognition
signal)
TERM 70
What are 4 examples of interac tions
involving DNA binding proteins?
DEFINITION 70
1.) Zn fingers2.) Leucine zippers3.) helix-turn-helix4.) Helix-
loop-helix
What is the function of the PEPCK
gene?
to catalyze reactions of gluconeogenesis
TERM 77
synthesis of PEPCK is stimulated by ______,
______, and _____
DEFINITION 77
Glucose(via cAMP),glucocorticoids , & Thyroid
hormones stimulate synthesis of PEPCK
TERM 78
PEPCK is inhibited by _____
DEFINITION 78
insulin inhibits synthesis of PEPCK
TERM 79
How is post transcriptional control mediated?
Give 4 examples
DEFINITION 79
1.) Alternative splicing2.) polyadenylation3.) RNA editing4.)
miRNA
TERM 80
In the apoprotein gene RNA editing allows for
the liver or intestine to make shorter
proteins?
DEFINITION 80
conversion of C to a U via deamination generates a stop
codon in intestinal apoprotein making its proteins shorter
than those in the liver
where is miRNA transcribed and what
transcribes it?
miRNA is transcribed in the nucleus by polymerase II
TERM 82
miRNA are small RNA molecules that that
regulat protein at which level?
DEFINITION 82
Post Transcriptional level
TERM 83
how does miRNA regulate protein expression?
DEFINITION 83
At the post transcriptional level it can...1.) induce
degradation of the target mRNA2.) block translation of the
mRNA
TERM 84
At what level of influence or control regulatory
processes?
DEFINITION 84
It is involved in translational control
TERM 85
How does heme influence or control
regulatory processes?
DEFINITION 85
IT can regulate translationheme prevents inactivation of EIF
in initiation of translation
What is an example of regulation via
degradation?
the transferrin receptor
TERM 92
Transferrin receptors are degraded when iron
concentrations are low or high?
DEFINITION 92
Transferrin receptors are degraded when Iron concnetration
are high.IRE-BP binds to iron which exposes the mRNA
leading to rapid degradation of Transferrin receptor mRNA
TERM 93
At what end of the mRNA for transferrin
receptors is the IRB-BP found?
DEFINITION 93
The 3' end
TERM 94
What are 5 regulatory processes seen in
eukaryotes?
DEFINITION 94
1.) gene alteration2.) Transcriptional control3.)
Posttranscriptional control4.) Translational control5.)
Posttranslational control
TERM 95
What is dihydrofolate
reducatse?
DEFINITION 95
a folate requiring enzyme that is involved with the synthesis
of thymine, purines, and DNA.
How is methotrexate used to treat
cancer?
It can inhibit DNA synthesis
TERM 97
What is the problem with the usage of
methotrexate for cancer patients?
DEFINITION 97
IT sometimes results in gene amplification for dihydrofolate
reductase making them resistant to the druglarge amounts of
dihydrofolate reductase increases DNA synthesis
TERM 98
What activates ribonucleases within
interferons?
DEFINITION 98
oligonucleotide 2-5-oligo(A) is an activator of ribonucleases
in interferons
TERM 99
What is the function of RNase?
DEFINITION 99
RNase degrades mRNA which can inhibits synthesis of viral
proteins
TERM 100
What are 2 mechanisms of inhibition of gene
expression that involve interferon?
DEFINITION 100
1.) production of RNase (oligo A) that inhibits replication of
viral proteins2.) Inactivation of EIF2 via phosphorylation of
EIF
