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What are the 3 phases of Apoptosis?
1.) Initiation phase2.) Signal integration phase3.) Execution
phase
TERM 2
What occurs During initiation of
apoptosis
DEFINITION 2
External signals or mitochondrial release of cytochrome c
TERM 3
What occurs during the signal integration
phase
DEFINITION 3
Phase 2Pro-apoptotic signals are balanced against anti-
apoptotic cell survival signals
TERM 4
What happens during the execution phase of
apoptosis
DEFINITION 4
Proteoltyic enzymes carry out the process
TERM 5
caspases
DEFINITION 5
Cysteine proteases that cleave peptide bonds next to an
aspartate residue,Initiaties signal transduction pathway to
apoptosis
What are the major componenets of apoptosis
bcl-2CaspasesProcaspase
TERM 7
death-cell receptor
DEFINITION 7
are a subset of TNF-1 receptorsLigand binds to the death
receptora scaffold is created for autocatyltic activation of
caspase 8Active caspase 8 cleaves apoptotic execution
caspasebid is activated which compromises mitocondria
TERM 8
Mitochondrial integrity pathway
DEFINITION 8
Cytochrome C is a protein componenet of the mitochondrial
electron transport chain & is bound to the inner
mitochondrial membraneRelease of cytochrome C initiates
apoptosis
TERM 9
Integration of pro and anti-apoptotic signals
by the bcl-2 family of proteins
DEFINITION 9
Bcl-2 family members are decision makers that integrate pro
and antideath signals to determine whether the cell should
commit suicide
TERM 10
What is bcl-
DEFINITION 10
an antiapoptotic that binds to Bid and blocks formation of
channels that allow cytochrome C release from mitochondria
Between bax and bcl-2 which one is pro-
aptosis and which on is antiapoptotic?
bax is pro antipoptotisbcl-2 is anti apoptotic
TERM 17
bCL-2 and Bcl-x are proapoptotic or
antiapoptotic?
DEFINITION 17
Bcl-2 and bcl-x are antiapoptotic
TERM 18
The formation of Apaf/Bcl-x causes
DEFINITION 18
apoptosis
TERM 19
What treats chronic myelogenous leukemia?
DEFINITION 19
Busulfan
TERM 20
What alkalyting agent may be used in
combination with busulfan to treat CML
(chronic myelogenous leukemia)
DEFINITION 20
Cyclophosphamide
How do purines halt replication and what
drugs usethis mechanism?
They add alkylating groupsbusulfan and cyclophosphamide
TERM 22
Lung cancer is responsible for what percent of
cancer deaths in men and women
DEFINITION 22
30% men26%women
TERM 23
What are proto-oncogenes?
DEFINITION 23
A gene regulating cellular growth
TERM 24
What is an
oncogene
DEFINITION 24
a mutated proto-oncogenes or a gene that has the potential
to cause cancer
TERM 25
Tumor supressor genes
DEFINITION 25
Normal growth suppressor genes that encode proteins that
inhibit proliferation, promote cell death, or repair DNA
incision endonuclease is incolved in what
repair mechanism(s)
base excision repair
TERM 32
myc is a Signal Transduction protein,
Transcription factor, or cell cycle regulator?
DEFINITION 32
myc is a transcription factor that works via translocationit's
activation mechanism is point mutation
TERM 33
Ras is a Signal Transduction protein,
Transcription factor, or cell cycle regulator?
DEFINITION 33
Ras is a Signal Transduction G-protein that
TERM 34
fos & jun are Signal Transduction proteins,
Transcription factors, or cell cycle regulators?
DEFINITION 34
Transcription factors involved with phosphorylation
mechanisms
TERM 35
BCL-2 is a Signal Transduction protein,
Transcription factor, or cell cycle regulator?
DEFINITION 35
NEither!BCL2 is an apoptosis regulator that is activates via
translocation
Cyclins D is a Signal Transduction protein,
Transcription factor, or cell cycle regulator?
Cyclin D is a cell cycle regulator the regulates via
translocation and amplification
TERM 37
CDK4 is a Signal Transduction protein,
Transcription factor, or cell cycle regulator?
DEFINITION 37
Cyclin Dependent Kinase
TERM 38
How many classes of oncogenes are there
and what are they?
DEFINITION 38
7 classes1.) Growth factors2.)Growth factor
receptors3.)Signal transduction proteins3.) Hormone
receptors5.) Transcription factors6.)apoptosis7.) cell-cycle
regulators
TERM 39
What is the activation mechanism seen in the
growth factor class of oncogenes
DEFINITION 39
overexpressionamplification
TERM 40
Growth factor receptor is a class of
oncogenes. What is its mechanism of
activation?
DEFINITION 40
overepressionamplificationTranslocationPoint Mutation
What are the 6 sites for transforming
mutation in growth factor signaling
pathways?
1.) amount of growth factor2.) Growth factor
receptor3.) Signal Transduction Proteins4.) G proteins
and their regulators5.) non receptor protein kinase
casacades (could lead to phosphorylation of
transcription factors)6.) Nuclear transcription factors
TERM 47
what pathway does RAS activate?
DEFINITION 47
The map-kinase pathway which stimulates transcription
TERM 48
If RAS is activated for too long it will activate
___, ___, and ___
DEFINITION 48
mycjunfosall of which are transcription factors
TERM 49
What is the function of cyclin? and
CDK?
DEFINITION 49
They control the progression of one cell phase to another
TERM 50
What inhibits the cyclin.CDK complex?
DEFINITION 50
CKIcyclin kinase inhibitor
What protein inhibits E2f?
Retinoblastoma protein (RB) inhibits E2F from initiation of
gene transcriptionThis controls the G1 to S transition of the
cell cycle
TERM 52
What un-inhibits E2f?
DEFINITION 52
the phsophorylation of RB via cyclin D releases the E2f from
the E2f-RB complex allowing it to initation transcription
TERM 53
Give 4 names of tumor supressor proteins?
DEFINITION 53
NF-
Retinoblastoma
P
BRCA
TERM 54
What is a tumor supressor protein of the cell
cycle regulator class?
DEFINITION 54
Retinoblastoma
TERM 55
What is a tumor supressor protein found in
the cell cycle/apoptosis class?
DEFINITION 55
P
If APC is inactive what occurs?
Beta-catenin travels to the nucleus and initiates cell
proliferation leading to more errors and possibly cancer
TERM 62
For cancer to occur a loss/gain of function
mutation occurs in proto-oncogenes?
DEFINITION 62
A gain of function mutation occurs in protooncogenes during
cancer
TERM 63
A gain/Loss of function mutation occurs in
tumor-supressor genes when cancer
developes.
DEFINITION 63
A loss of function in tumor supressor genes occurs during
cancer
