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Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
Dr. Vija Dr. MC Varadarajya Khader
Paper : 05 Metabolism of Lipids Module: 02 Functions of Lipids
Principal Investigator
Paper Coordinator and
Content Writer
Dr. Sunil Kumar Khare, Professor,
Department of Chemistry, IIT-Delhi
Dr. Suaib Luqman , Scientist (CSIR-CIMAP)
& Assistant Professor (AcSIR)
CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow
Content Reviewer Prof. Prashant Mishra,^ Professor,
Department of Biochemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, IIT-Delhi
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
DESCRIPTION OF MODULE
Subject Name Biochemistry Paper Name 05 Metabolism of Lipids Module Name/Title 02 Lipids-Functions
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
3. Description Lipids are natural hydrophobic molecules (organic compounds) occur all through the existing living organisms including plants, microbes, animals and also in each and every cell. Being a vital dietary component, lipids are a basis of high energy treasure, essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins. They dole out as an extremely greater cause of energy and accumulated in adipocytes. Lipids also function as an insulating material in the sub- cutaneous tissues and are also spotted in the region of certain organs. They participate in nerve cell functioning, cell structure built-up and supply stored fuel. In addition to the above-mentioned characteristics, lipids execute numerous biological functions:
Act as storage compounds, TGs serve as stockpile energy of the body.
As an essential component of membrane structure of eukaryotic cells.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
It regulates membrane permeability.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
They are components of a number of enzyme systems.
Lipids, for example, prostaglandins and steroid hormones act as cellular metabolic regulators.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
Cholesterol is found in bile, blood and cell membranes of various organisms.
Being diminutive molecules, lipids are insoluble in water and act as signalling molecules.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
Lipoproteins crop up in blood as plasma lipoprotein and enable transportation of lipids in aqueous environment throughout the body.
EFAs (linolenic and linoleic acids) are predecessor of several types of ecosanoids including prostaglandins and thromboxanes which play a significant role in fever, inflammation, pain and blood clotting.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
Types/Category Functions
Glycolipids Enhance the immune system of the body
Lipoproteins Transport fat in the bloodstream and subsist in HDL and LDL form
Phospholipids Beguile and deter water, Constitute cell membranes
Steroids Establish and organize the plasma membrane structure
Triglycerides Storage of energy
Waxes Protection
It is well-known that lipids perform a fundamental activity in the body (e.g. chemical messenger) than earlier described storage and cell membrane formation. Researchers have found that lipids have a pervasive activity in the body in provisos of hormonal regulation or intracellular signaling etc. They are blended through intricate biosynthetic pathways, yet deemed essential and ought to be complemented via diet. In 1929, George & Mildred Burr established that linoleic acid is an indispensable dietary component while Bergström et al. (1964) reported that prostaglandins originate from arachidonate that exert their effects on inflammation and allied disease condition. In 1979, platelet activating factor (earliest bioactive phospholipid) was revealed and awareness was heaved regarding the role of phosphatidylinositol and their metabolites in signaling and cell message transfer.
Lipids as Chemical Messengers
All the multicellular organisms utilize lipids as chemical messengers to propel information among cells, tissues and organs. Since lipids are water insoluble and diminutive, they are exceptional contender for signaling. The esterified forms of lipids penetrate membranes and are elated to transmit signals to the adjacent cells. After encountering the suitable receptor, lipids remains idle till they arrive at action site and bind to certain proteins to accomplish the deed.
Biochemistry
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Phospholipids (Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin) interact with cholesterol and maintain the fluidity of membranes. Cholesterol, in addition, is also the predecessor of bile acids, steroidal hormones and vitamin D.
Role in Prostaglandin formation and Inflammation
The EFAs (linolenic and linoleic acids) are predecessor of a lot of diverse types of eicosanoids such as prostanoids (thromboxanes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins), hydroxyeicosatetraenes, resolvins and leukotrienes (lipoxins) etc. that plays an imperative part in blood clotting, inflammation, fever and pain.
Lipids and Vitamins
The fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are vital nutrients with plentiful purpose. The metabolism of FAs has been carried out by Acyl-carnitines involving inward and outward operation by mitochondria. Polyprenols and their derivatives (phosphorylated) facilitate the transfer of molecules through membranes. Cardiolipins (a sub-type of glycerophospholipids with three glycerol groups and four acyl chains) activate enzymes involved with oxidative phosphorylation.
4. Summary In this lecture we learnt about:
The Functions of the lipids
