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A&P Exam 1 (ch 1 & 2) Latest Version
(You go outside in 110 degree weather. - > You sweat. - > You cool down to keep body at 98.6 degrees. - > You stop sweating once at back at homeostasis.) This is an example of what? - ✔✔Homeostatic Mechanism
protons = # _________ - ✔✔electrons
1 Mole of any substance contains how many molecules? - ✔✔6.02 x 10^ molecules = 1 mole 2 Examples of negative feedback: - ✔✔1. Regulation of body temperature (nervous mechanism)
- Regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism) 2 Types of Feedback. - ✔✔Positive feedback & Negative feedback 6.02 x 10^23 is called... - ✔✔Avagadro's Number 60%-80% of the volume in living cells is.. - ✔✔Water 96.1% of the human body mass is made up of the 4 major elements (C,H,O,N). What is the other 3.9% made of? - ✔✔Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe) All acidic solutions have a pH of.. - ✔✔ 0 - 6.99 (the lower the number, the more acidic) All alkaline solutions have a pH of.. - ✔✔7.01-14 (the higher the pH, the more basic) All neutral solutions have a pH of... - ✔✔ 7 Anytime you hear the word "cutaneous" what should you think? - ✔✔SKIN Are acids proton acceptors or proton donors? - ✔✔Proton donors (hydrogen ion). Releases H+ in solution Are bases proton acceptors or proton donors? - ✔✔Bases are proton acceptors, taking up H+ from solution Are hydrogen bonds common between dipoles? - ✔✔Yes, such as water
Colloids aka.. - ✔✔Emulsions Compare/Contrast Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy. - ✔✔Kinetic Energy - energy in motion/action Potential Energy - Stored (inactive) energy Define term: 1 Mole - ✔✔the atomic weight of an element or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) of a compound in grams Define term: Abdominopelvic Quadrants - ✔✔Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Define term: Acid-Base Homeostasis (human body) - ✔✔pH change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue. Define term: Active Site - ✔✔the specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme Define term: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ✔✔One of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy Define term: Alkaline Solutions - ✔✔Base or Basic Solutions Define term: Amino Acid - ✔✔building block of protein
Define term: Anabolic - ✔✔To construct or build Define term: Anion - ✔✔Negative charge (-) Anions gain one or more electrons in an ionic bond Define term: Appendicular - ✔✔The limbs (legs and arms) Define term: Atomic Number - ✔✔# of protons in nucleus Define term: Atomic Symbol - ✔✔One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element Define term: Atomic Weight - ✔✔Skewed average of mass numbers of all isotopes for one particular element. Define term: Atoms. - ✔✔Make up elements; unique building blocks for each element Define term: Axial - ✔✔The head, neck, & trunk Define term: Buffer - ✔✔Mixture of compounds that resist pH changes Convert strong acids or bases into weak ones Define term: Carbohydrates - ✔✔Sugars and starches Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
Define term: Chemically Reactive Elements - ✔✔Elements whose outermost energy level not fully occupied by electrons. Define term: Colloids/Emulsions - ✔✔Heterogeneous translucent mixtures (ex: cytosol) Has large solute particles that do not settle out Undergo sol-gel transformations Define term: Compound - ✔✔Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (more than one element) Define term: Compounds - ✔✔Can only be separated by breaking bonds All compounds are homogeneous Define term: Cushioning - ✔✔Protects certain organs from physical trauma (ex: cerebrospinal fluid) Define term: Decomposition Reactions - ✔✔Reactions in which fuel is broken down for energy AB --> A + B Reverse of synthesis reactions Involve breaking of bonds Catabolic
Define term: Dehydration Synthesis - ✔✔loss of a water molecule due to the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonding to the amino group of the next Define term: Dipeptide - ✔✔Two amino acids bonded together Define term: Disaccharide - ✔✔A class of carbohydrates; Double sugars that are too large to pass through cell membranes Define term: Eicosanoids - ✔✔diverse lipids chiefly derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in all cell membranes many different ones Define term: Electrical Energy - ✔✔Energy resulting from movement of charged particals (positive & negative) Define term: Electronegative - ✔✔atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons (ex: oxygen) Define term: Electrons - ✔✔subatomic particles of the atom that are located outside the nucleus, orbiting around it. has negative charge mass = 0 amu Define term: Electropositive - ✔✔atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons (ex: sodium)
Water-soluble Sensitive to environmental changes Specific functional regions called active sites Define term: High Heat Capacity (of water) - ✔✔Absorbs and releases heat with minor temperature change, thus preventing sudden changes in temperature Define term: High Heat of Vaporization (of water) - ✔✔Evaporation requires large amounts of heat Useful cooling mechanism Define term: Hydrogen Bond - ✔✔attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule Define term: Hydrolysis - ✔✔peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond Define term: Inorganic Compounds - ✔✔Water, Salts, and many acids and bases Does NOT contain carbon Define term: Isotopes - ✔✔structural variations of elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain Define term: Lipids - ✔✔Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and sometimes Phosphorous (P) Insoluble in water
4 Main types (Neutral fats/Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Eicosanoids) Define term: Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipid in the body that helps transport fats in the blood. Define term: Macromolecule - ✔✔A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. Define term: Mass Number - ✔✔# of protons + # neutrons Define term: Matter - ✔✔Anything that has mass and takes up space Define term: Mechanical Energy - ✔✔Energy directly involved in moving matter (simply, 'to move') Define term: Midsagittal (Median) Plane - ✔✔-Lies on the actual midline Define term: Mixture - ✔✔No chemical bonding between components Can be separated physically, such as by straining or filtering Heterogeneous or homogeneous Define term: Mixture - ✔✔Two or more components physically intermixed Define term: Molecule - ✔✔Two or more atoms bonded together
Define term: Orbital Model - ✔✔current model of the atom used by chemists depicts electrons to form electron cloud Define term: Organic Compounds - ✔✔Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Contains Carbon, usually large, are covalently bonded (EXCEPT CO2 & CO, they are INORGANIC) Define term: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions - ✔✔electron donors that lose electrons are oxidized, and electron acceptors that receive electrons and become reduced Define term: Parasagittal Plane - ✔✔-Not on midline Define term: Parietal Serosa - ✔✔Membrane layer that lines internal body walls (outside of organ) Define term: pH - ✔✔negative logarithm of [H+] in moles per liter Define term: Phospholipids - ✔✔Modified triglycerides containing a glycerol + two fatty acids and a Phosphorous(P)-containing group "Head" and "Tail" regions which have different properties Important in cell membrane structure
Define term: Phosphorylation - ✔✔Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules Such energized/primed molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy Define term: Plane - ✔✔Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study Define term: Planetary Model - ✔✔older model of the atom depicts electrons to form fixed circular paths useful for illustrations Define term: Polar Solvent Properties (of water) - ✔✔Dissolves and dissociates ionic substances Forms hydration layers around large charged molecules (Colloid Formation) Body's major transport medium Define term: Polymer - ✔✔chains of similar units (monomers or building blocks) Define term: Polysaccharide - ✔✔A class of carbohydrates; Polymers of simple sugars (startch and glycogen) Define term: Protein Denaturation - ✔✔Shape change and disruption of active sites due to environmental changes
Define term: Saturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Single bonds between C atoms with maximum number of H Solid animal fats (ex: butter) Define term: Serous Membrane - ✔✔Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid Define term: Sol-gel Transformations - ✔✔To change reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state. Define term: Solute - ✔✔Present in smaller amount of a solution (the sugar in sweet tea) Define term: Solutions - ✔✔Homogeneous mixtures that are usually transparent and consist of a solvent and a solute Define term: Solvent - ✔✔present in greatest amount of a solution, usually a liquid (the tea in sweet tea) Define term: Steroid - ✔✔interlocking four-ring structure contains steroid hormones, cholesterol, vitamin D, & bile salts fat soluble contains little oxygen Define term: Substrate - ✔✔The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Define term: Suspensions - ✔✔Heterogeneous mixtures (ex: blood) Large visible solutes tend to settle out Define term: Synovial Cavity - ✔✔Space between bones at a synovial joint. It contains synovial fluid. Define term: Synthesis - ✔✔combination, to add, to make new Define term: Synthesis Reactions - ✔✔A + B --> AB Always involve bond formation Anabolic Define term: Trace Elements - ✔✔elements that make up < 0.01% of body mass Define term: Transverse (horizontal) Plane - ✔✔-Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (top & bottom)
- Produces a cross section Define term: Triglycerides - ✔✔Neutral fats, composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Define term: Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔One or more double bonds between Carbon (C) atoms Reduced number of H atoms (ex: plant oils, olive oil)
The primary chain "zig-zags" back & forth forming a "pleated" sheet. Define/Describe Homeostasis. - ✔✔-A dynamic state of equilibrium
- Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes Describe the negative feedback of regulation of blood volume by ADH - ✔✔- receptor detect decreased blood volume
- control center in hypothalamus (in the brain) stimulates pituitary gland (in the brain) to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that clots blood.
- ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood Describe the primary structure of proteins. - ✔✔Simply the line-up of amino acids. Describe the quaternary structure of a protein. - ✔✔4th level of protein structure Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein Describe the secondary structure of a protein. - ✔✔The primary chain forms spirals or folded sheets. Alpha Helix (spirals) & Beta Pleated Sheets Describe the tertiary structure of a protein. - ✔✔3rd level of protein structure Superimposed on secondary structure (becomes 3D) due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
α-helices and/or β-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds. Describe why the human body has "Appropriate atmospheric pressure" as a survival need? - ✔✔For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs Describe why the human body has "Normal Body Temperature" as a survival need? - ✔✔Affects rate of chemical reactions in the body. Describe why the human body has "Nutrients" as a survival need? - ✔✔- Chemicals for energy and cell building
- Received through carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, & vitamins Describe why the human body has "Oxygen" as a survival need? - ✔✔-Essential for energy release (ATP PRODUCTION)
- ATP IS A SOURCE OF CELLULAR ENERGY! Describe why the human body has "Water" as a survival need? - ✔✔-Most abundant chemical in the body
- Site of chemical reactions DNA stands for.. - ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic Acid Do radioisotopes have similar chemistry to stable isotopes? - ✔✔Yes they do! Does DNA replicate before, during, or after cell division? - ✔✔BEFORE cell division
