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BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 3 Study Guide Questions: Energy Balance and Body Composition, Exams of Nutrition

Bergen Community CollegeNutrition

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of energy balance and body composition, covering key concepts such as energy intake, expenditure, basal metabolic rate (bmr), thermic effect of food (tef), and thermogenesis. It also explores methods for determining body fat content, including underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance, and dexa. The guide includes numerous questions and answers related to these topics, making it a valuable resource for students studying biology or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/30/2025

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BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 3 Study Guide Questions
With Reviewed Answers Latest 2025/2026 GRADED
A+ 100% COMPLETE
1. Energyfbalance:fafstatefwhenfone'sfenergyfintakefisfequivalentftofthefamountfof
energyfexpended
2. Energyfinfequalsfenergyfoutf(caloriesfconsumedfisfburnedfthroughfbasicfbod
yffunctionsf+fexercise:fenergyfbalance
3. positivefenergyfbalance:foccursfiffmorefcaloriesf(energy)farefconsumedfthanfexp
ended
4. examplesfoffperiodsfinflifefwhenfyoufneedftofbefinfafpositivefenergyfbalancefstate
::fpregnancy,fchildhood,fandfadolescencefinfgrowthfspurts
5. 1fpoundfinfafweekfisfequivalentftof::f500fextrafcaloriesfafday
6. Hyperplasia:fanfincreasefinfthefnumberfofffatfcellsfoftenfoccurringfduringfperiodsfoffgro
wth,fsuchfasfadolescenceforfpregnancy
7. Hypertrophy:fanfincreasefinfthefsizefofffatfcells,fmostfoftenfseenfinfperiodsfofflowfgr
owthfandfmaintenance,fsuchfasfthroughoutfadulthood
8. Negativefenergyfbalance:foccursfifffewerfcaloriesfarefconsumedfthanfcaloriesfexp
ended
9. Examplesfoffnegativefenergyfbalancefsituations::fduringfillnessforftrauma,fmaj
orfburnfinjury,fintentionalfactfsuchfasfdietingftofmeetfafweightflossfgoal
10. Ourfsolefsourcefoffenergyfintakefisffrom::ffoodfandfbeverages
11. Energyfcanfbefexpendedfnaturallyfvia
,
,fand :fbasalfmetabolism,fthefthermicfeffectfofffood,fandfther-
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd

Partial preview of the text

Download BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 3 Study Guide Questions: Energy Balance and Body Composition and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 3 Study Guide Questions

With Reviewed Answers Latest 2025/2026 GRADED

A+ 100% COMPLETE

  1. Energyfbalance:f afstatefwhenfone'sfenergyfintakefisfequivalentftofthefamountfof energyfexpended
  2. Energyfinfequalsfenergyfoutf(caloriesfconsumedfisfburnedfthroughfbasicf bod yffunctionsf+fexercise:f energyfbalance
  3. positivefenergyfbalance:f occursfiffmorefcaloriesf(energy)farefconsumedfthanf exp ended
  4. examplesfoffperiodsfinflifefwhenfyoufneedftofbefinfafpositivefenergyfbalancef state ::f pregnancy,fchildhood,fandfadolescencefinfgrowthfspurts
  5. 1 fpoundfinfafweekfisfequivalentftof::f 500 fextrafcaloriesfafday
  6. Hyperplasia:f anfincreasefinfthefnumberfofffatfcellsfoftenfoccurringfduringfperiodsf offgro wth,fsuchfasfadolescenceforfpregnancy
  7. Hypertrophy:f anfincreasefinfthefsizefofffatfcells,fmostfoftenfseenfinfperiodsfoff lowfgr owthfandfmaintenance,fsuchfasfthroughoutfadulthood
  8. Negativefenergyfbalance:f occursfifffewerfcaloriesfarefconsumedfthanfcaloriesf exp ended
  9. Examplesfoffnegativefenergyfbalancefsituations::f duringfillnessforftrauma,f maj orfburnfinjury,fintentionalfactfsuchfasfdietingftofmeetfafweightflossfgoal
  10. Ourfsolefsourcefoffenergyfintakefisffrom::f foodfandfbeverages
  11. Energyfcanfbefexpendedfnaturallyfvia , ,f and :f basalfmetabolism,fthefthermicfeffectfofffood,fandfther-

f mogenesis

  1. Energyfcanfbefexpendedfintentionallyfthrough :f physicalf activityf(akafexercise)
  2. Twofmajorfcomponentsfoffenergyfexpenditurefare::f basalfmetabolicfratefandf phy sicalfactivity
  3. Basalfmetabolicfratef(BMR):f thefnumberfoffcaloriesfusedfbyfthefbodyfwhilefinf affasti ngfstatefandfaccountsfforfapproximatelyf 60 - 70%foffenergyfexpenditure
  4. BMRfvariesfbyfpersonfbasedfonffactorsfsuchfas::f gender,fleanfbodyfmass,f bodyf size,ftemperature,fage,fnervousfsystemfactivities,flevelsfoffcaffeinefintake,fandf tobaccofu se
  5. BMRfmales::f 1 fkcal/kg/hour
  6. BMRffemales::f 0.9fkcal/kg/hour
  7. AsfwefagefBMRfdeclinesfby %fperfdecadefsofwefmustf adjustfeatingfhabitsftofpreventfweightfgain.:f 1 - 2 f%
  8. Thermicfeffectfofffoodf(TEF):f thefenergyfusedfforfdigestionfandfabsorptionfoff foodf andfaccountsfforfapproximatelyf10%foffthefcaloriesfexpended.
  9. largerfmealsfhigherfinfproteinfresultfinfafhigher :f thermicfeffectfoff foodf(TEF)

fcisef 1 - 3 fdaysfperfweek1.55f=fmoderatefexercisef 3 - 5 fdaysfperfweek1.725f=fhardf exercisef 6 - 7 fdaysfperfweek1.9f=fhardfdailyfexercise/job

  1. Tofdeterminefindividualfenergyfrequirements,fmultiplyfthe::f BMRfxfPAfesti- fmates
  2. MalefEERfCalculations::f EERf=f 662 f-f(9.53fxfAGE)f+fPAfxf(15.91fxfWTf+f539.6fxfHT)
  3. FemalefEERfCalculations::f EERf=f 354 f-f(6.91fxfAGE)f+fPAfxf(9.36fxfWTf+f 726 fxfHT)
  4. PAf=:f activityflevel
  5. WTf(weight)f=:f lbsfxf 1 fkg/2.2flbsf=fkg
  6. HTf(height)f=:f infxf 1 fm/f39.37finf=fm
  7. ActivityfLevel::f sedentary:fnofexercisef(menf1.00/fwomenf1.00) lowfactivity:fexercisesfthefequivalentfoffwalkingf 2 fmilesfperfdayf 3 - 4 fmphf(menf1.11/

womenf1.12) active:fexercisesfthefequivalentfoffwalkingf 7 fmilesfperfdayf(menf1.25/fwomenf1.27)f Veryfa ctive:fexercisesfthefequivalentfoffwalkingf 17 fmilesfperfdayf(menf1.48/fwomenf 1.45)

  1. termsfnotftofusefwhenfreferringftofweightfbasedfonfafperson'sfheight::f idealf andfd esirable
  2. Height-to- weightftables::f Estimatefbodyfweightfcanfbefderivedfasfafmeasuref offafperson'sfgende rfandfheight.f(didfnotftakefintofaccountfindividualfdifferences)
  3. BodyfMassfIndexf(BMI)::f afmeasurefoffbodyffatfrelativeftofone'sfheightfandf weight.f Categorizesfanfindividualfasfbeingfunderweight,fhealthyfweight,foverweight,f orfobesefa ndfisfusuallyfcolorfcoordinated
  4. BMIf=:f weightf(kg)f/fheight2f(meters)
  5. BMIfoff<f18.5:f underweight
  6. BMIf>f30:f obese
  7. BMIfbetweenf18.6fandf25:f healthyforfnormalfweight
  8. BMIf 25 - 30:f overweight
  9. Malesfshouldfhavefbetween to %fbodyffat.:f 8%-24%
  10. Femalesfshouldfhavefbetween to %fbodyffat.:f 24%-35%
  11. Methodsfthatfcanfbefusedftofdeterminefafperson'sfbodyffatfcontent::f under- f waterfweighing,fbioelectricalfimpedance,fdualfenergyfx- rayfabsorptiometryf(DEXA),f andfanthropometrics
  12. underwaterfweighing:f veryfaccuratefprocessfwherefanfindividualfisfweighedf onfafs calefandfthenfagainfwhilefunderfwater.fdifferencesfbetweenftheftwofmeasure- f mentsfisfthenfusedftofestimateftheftotalfbodyfvolume.fPercentagefoffleanfmusclef andfbo dyffatfcanfbefcalculated.
  1. Fatfcanfbefstoredfinfthe::f upperfbodyfandflowerfbody
  2. Androidfobesity:f isfdefinedfbyffatfbeingfstoredfinfthefabdominalfarea,fyieldingf thef" apple"fbodyfshape.
  3. Upperfbodyfobesityfisfcommonfin andfisflinkedftofhighf bloodftestosteroneflevelsfandfanfincreasedfriskfoffdiabetesf andfhypertension.- :f males
  4. Alcoholfconsumption,fsmoking,fandfafdietfwithfafhighfglycemicfloadfalsof con tributeftofthisfformfoffobesity::f androidfobesityf(applefshape)
  5. Gynoidfobesity::f isfdefinedfbyffatfbeingfstoredfbelowfthefwaistline,fyieldingfthef com monlyfreferredftof"pear"fbodyfshape.
  6. Lowerfbodyfobesityfisfmorefcommonfinfthe formfandf describesfafsmallfwaistfwithfmuchfofftheffatfdepositedfinfthefhipsfandft highs.- :f female
  7. obesityfwaistfcircumferencefinfmales::f greaterfthanf 40 finches
  8. obesityfwaistfcircumferencefinffemales::f greaterfthanf 35 finches
  9. waist-to- hipfratio::f Tofdofthisfproperly,ffirstfmeasurefaroundfthefwaistf(atftheflevelfoffthefbellyfbutto n)fwhilefrelaxed.fNext,fmeasurefthefhipsfaroundftheflargestf partfoffthefbuttocks.fFinally,fdi videfthefwaistfmeasurementfbyfthefhipfmeasurement.
  10. Desiredfhip-to-waistfratiofinfmales::f lessfthanf0.
  11. Desiredfhip-to-waistfratiofinffemales::f lessfthanf0.
  12. Infmalesfexcessffatfstoredfwithinfabdominalftissuesfinterferesfwith::f insulinf effe ctiveness,fincreasedfbloodfclotting,fbloodfvesselfconstriction,fandfinflammation,f leadin

gftofincreasedfriskfforfhypertension,fcardiovascularfdisease,fandftypef 2 f diabetes

  1. Inffemales,ftheffatfaroundfthefhipsfandfthighs::f isflessfoffafhealthfissuefbutf morefd ifficultftofshed.
  2. Menopausefhasftheffatfinfwomen'sfbodiesfshiftftofmorefoffthefapplyfshapef whic hfincreasesfwomen'sfriskffor::f cardiovascularfdisease,fhypertension,fandf diabetes
  3. Nature:f geneticffactor
  4. nurture:f environmentalffactor
  5. genesfaccountffor %foffanfindividual'sfbodyfweight:f 70
  6. "thrifty"fmetabolism:f fewerfcaloriesfthanfnormalfarefusedftofmaintainfbodyf func tionf(morefproneftofweightfgain)
  7. Setfpointftheory::f eachfoffusfhasfafgeneticallyfpredeterminedfbodyfweightfandf thatft hefbodyfwillfresistfchangefbeyondfthisfsetfpoint.
  8. FatfCellfDevelopment:f isfanotherfbiologicalffactorfrelatedftofourfweight.fOncef affatfc ellfisfformed,fitfwillfalwaysfbefpresent.fFurther,fourfbodiesfarefpredisposedftof wantftoffillfth effatfcells.fWhilefitfisfpossibleftofshrinkfthefsizefofffatfcells,fwefcannot

10 ouragefovereating.

  1. Example:fmunchingfonfsnacksfwhilefwatchingfTV,flimitfyourselfftofeatingfonl yfinfthefkitchenfwhilefseatedfatftheftable.:f chainfbreaking
  2. Stimulusfcontrol::f findingfwaysftofavoidftemptationfwhenfwefarefhungryforf bore d
  3. Example:fnotfbuyingfconvenienceffoodsfyoufareffondfofforflimitingfyourselff tofo nefsmallfpiecefoffchocolatefdaily.:f stimulusfcontrol
  4. Cognitivefrestructuring::f changingfyourfframefoffmindfregardingffoo.
  5. Example:fratherfthanfturningftoffoodfwhenfyoufarefstressed,fyoufdecidef tofe xercisefinstead.fAfterfexercise,fiffyoufstillfwantftofeatfsomethingfallowf yourselffaf smallfportionfoffthatffood.:f cognitivefrestructuring
  6. Contingencyfmanagement::f preparingfforfsituationsfthatfmightftriggerfoverf eat ing

11

  1. Example:fpartyforfdonutsfatfthefoffice.fOfferftofbringfafhealthyflow-fat coffeefcakefinsteadfoffafboxfoffdonuts.:f Contingencyfmanagement
  2. Self- monitoring::f keepfafdiaryfforfseveralfdays,frecordingfwhatfyoufeat,fwhenf youfeatfit,fhowf youffelt,fandfwherefyoufwerefwhenfyoufate.fRevealsfpatternsfthatf mayfbefaffectingfyourf weightflossfefforts.
  3. BMIfoff>30,forf>f27:f morbidfobese
  4. Drasticfweightflossfmeasures::f (1)fmedications,f(2)fextremelyflow- calorief diets,fand/orf(3)fsurgery.
  5. Medications::f 3 fclasses:famphetamines,fappetitefreductionfdrugs,fandffatfab- f sorptionfinhibitors
  6. Amphetamines::f stimulatefthefcentralfnervousfsystemfandfburnfcaloriesf(usedf sho rtftermfasftheyfcanfdevelopfafdependency)
  7. MeridiafisfanfFDAfapproved:f amphetamineftofdecreasefhungerfsensations
  8. OrlistatfisfFDAfapproved:f medicationftofdecreaseffatfabsorptionfbyfinhibitingf lipa sefenzymesffromfbreakingfdownffatfinfthefsmallfintestine.fResultfisf1/3rdfingestedf fatfnotfbei ngfabsorbed.
  9. Extremelyflow-caloriefdiet::f approachfoffconsumingfonlyf 400 - 800 fcaloriesf perfday.f(oftenfentailsflowfcarb,fhighfprotein,forfliquidfmeals)
  10. Surgery::f oftenftheflastfresortfwhenfthefotherftwoftreatmentsfhaveffailed.
  11. Gastricfbanding::f afsurgicalfmeansfoffproducingfweightflossfbyfrestrictingf stoma chfsizefwithfafconstrictingfbandfthatfcanfbefinflatedforfdeflatedftofcontrolfthef amountfofffo odfafpersonfcanfconsumefandfstillffeelfcomfotable
  12. Gastroplastyf(akafstomachfstapling)::f reducingfthefstomachfcapacityfandf bypa ssingfafsmallfportionfoffthefsmallfintestine.fThefstomachfcanfnowfonlyfholdf 30 f millilitersforf

13

  1. curefall
  2. don'tfrecognizefrolefoffexerciseforfbehaviorfmodificationsfinfweightfloss 111.f fadfdietfcategories::f 1.fmoderatefcaloriefrestrictions
  3. carbohydrateffocused
  4. low-fat
  5. novelty
  6. Moderatefcaloriefrestrcition::f limitsfcaloriesftof 1200 - 1800 fperfday.f(i.e.fweightfwatchers,fjennyfcraig,fdr.phil'sfultimatefweightfsolution,fandfdiet ingfforfdummies
  7. LowfCarbohydrate::f severfcarbohydratefrestriction,fwhichfcausesfthefbodyftof tur nftofstoredfglycogenfandfproteinfforfenergy.f(i.e.fatkins,fsouthfbeach,fzone,fandfnutrisyst em)
  8. LowfFat::f dietfeliminatesfanimalfproteinfsourcesfandfoils.fTheffocusfisfonf fruit,fveg etables,fandfgrains.fThisfcanfbefafveryfhealthfulfwayfoffeatingfbutfwithffatf restrctedftof, %foffcaloriefintake,fitfcanfgetfveryfmonotonous.(i.e.fthefornishforf pritikinfdiets,ft- factorfdiet,fandfeatfmorefweighfless)
  9. Novelty::f dietffocusesfonfafgimmick.fTheyfpromotefcertainffoodsforftypesfoff foodsfa sfhavingfspecialfweightflossfqualities.fTherefisfnofscientificfevidenceftofbackf upfanyfclaim s.f(examples:fthefcabbagefsoupfdiet,fthefbeverlyfhillsfdiet,fandfthef cookiefdiet)