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— All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. What is the study of the structure of the human body? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism A. Anatomy 2. B. The liver is an cxample of the organ level of organization in the human body A. Sodium B. The liver C. Mitochondria D. The skeletal system E. Epithelium 3. What is the breakdown of nutrients? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism D. Catabolism 1. List the four basic types of tissues. Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue 2. List the three layers of the skin in order from deep to superficial. The deepest layer of the skin should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the layers must be in this order. hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer) dermis (middle layer) epidermis (outer layer) *MUST be in this order (top to bottom) to receive credit 3. Testosterone contributes to muscle strength and bone mass. Based upon your learning of metabolism, would it be considered an anabolic or catabolic hormone? Explain why. Anabolic because it is building new tissues from smaller cclls and using cnergy to do so. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the front of the body"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial C. Ventral 2. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of a structure"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial A. Superior 3, What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "away from the head end"? Inferior/Caudal Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. Describe the position of the epigastric region relative to the umbilical region in anatomical position terms. Use a full sentence for your description. The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. (OR) The umbilical region is inferior to the epigastric region. 2. Which anatomical action is occurring at the elbow joint, in the direction of the arrow? (Elbow) Flexion 3. Look at the figure below. The right femur is moved in the direction of the arrow. What anatomical action term best describes this movement? Abduction (lhe femur is moving away from midline) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response tu the question with the information provided. 1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and the rectum. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. Using the letters given, match the cell with the type of solution it has been placed in: A cell beginning to swell A. Isotonic Ared blood cell placed in ocean water B. Hypertonic A cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution C. Hypotonic C. A cell beginning to swell B. Ared blood cell placed in ocean water A. A cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution 2. Using the letters given, match cach molecule/item with its typical means of centering a cell. You will need to use some means of entry more than once. Oxygen A. Diffusion Lipid-soluble molecules B. Facilitated diffusion Bacteria C. Endocytosis Polar molecules A. Oxygen A. Lipid-soluble molecules C. Bacteria B. Polar molecules 3. Which one of the following is not true of active transport? A. Active transport occurs against the concentration gradicnt B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser C. The sodium-potassium pump is an cxample D. additional energy is required to drive this process B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser 4. List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport and shipping of proteins. A. rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex C. ribosomes, smooth ER, Golgi complex D. rough ER, Golgi complex, vacuole B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex Note: Essay answers must clearly he in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1.Label the 5 organelles listed below: 3: 4: 5: 7: 8: 3: Nucleolus 4: Nuclear Envelope 5: Mitochondria 7: Lysosome 8: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) a. FALSE (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. TRUE (Peripheral proteins can be found on the outer or inner surface, but do not span across the entire membrane). c. FALSE (This process called endocytosis) d. TRUE e. FALSE (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? ‘What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? (1)Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic discasc known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. 2. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface arca (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Module 2 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. How many lobes docs the right human lung have? Three Lobes 2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C. B. Nasopharynx 3. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found? A. Trachea B. Larynx. C. Bronchi D. Alveoli D. Alveoli Label the following five items from the diagram: — 2. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. a. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells. b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type U cells can divide to replace damaged Type 1 cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells. Answer the following five true or false questions: 1. Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs. True 2. During exhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs. False (during inhalation) 3. During inhalation the rib cage lifts in an upward motion to open and expand the lungs. True 4. As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases. True 5. When the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and air naturally flows out of the lungs. True (air naturally flows out of the lungs because of the pressure difference) Answer the following five multiple choice questions: 1. Boyle's law states that gas volume is A. Directly proportional to temperature B. Inversely proportional to temperature C. Directly proportional to pressure D. Inversely proportional to pressure E. Both A and B D. Inversely proportional to pressure 2. Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one? A. cilia B. layers C. tall, narrow cells D. mucus producing cells E. goblet cells B. layers 3. Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli? A. Macrophages B. Type 1 alveolar cells C. Type 2 alveolar cells D. Erythrocytes E. Ciliated columnar cells A. Macrophages 4, Which one of the following is not true of the respiratory physiology? A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation B. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing C. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation D. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation — A. Emphysema B. Cystic Fibrosis C. Pulmonary edema D. Pleurisy The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. D. Pleurisy This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. C. Pulmonary edema This condition results in a loss of alveoli. A. Emphysema This hereditary illness results in excess mucus. B. Cystic Fibrosis Answer the following three questions: 1. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmlIIG) if nitrogen is 300 mmIIg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmIIg? To receive full credit you must show your work. 110 mmHG latm= 760 mmHg 300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg OR: 760 - 300-350= 110 mmHG 2. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange? Tt would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange. 3. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange. Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange. Answer the following three questions: 1. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchiolcs, primary bronchi, sccondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi. secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles 2. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillarics, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillarics into alveoli D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli 3. The purpose of alveolar macrophages is to: A. Produce a lipoprotein B. Form a thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli C. Produce mucous in order to trap bacteria D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli Answer the following essay question (10 points): 1. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs from fully expanding duc to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy: Gallbladder cs Jejunum (not small intestine) OF Appendix (not large intestine) 10: Rectum (not large intestine) Answer the following two questions: 1. A doctor is looking to prescribe a larger dose of a vitamin that would not casily cause vitamin toxicity. What type of vitamin would be the best to prescribe? Explain your answer. A. Water soluble vitamin B. Fat soluble vitamin C. All of the above A. Water soluble vitamin. Fat soluble vitamins are stored within the body’s fat stores making it harder for the body to rid itself of them. 2. Explain which digestive system functions arc carried out by the large intestine. Absorption: In the large intestine water and electrolytes are reabsorbed and vitamins are absorbed. Defecation: Feces travel to the rectum where it is excreted via the anus. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay question: 1. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. The digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Ingestion is when food enters the mouth. Digestion or food breakdown oceurs when food is moved, mixed, and cxposed to enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract. Digestion can be divided into two parts: mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is broken down into smaller picees. This occurs when the teeth chew food, when the stomach mixes food, and as food is moved along the gastrointestinal tract. Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food by enzymes. Absorption is the process of moving digested food into the blood stream. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus. Answer the following three questions: 
