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BIOD 151 Final Exam Anatomy and Physiology 2025 - Portage Learning 1, List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver 1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and the rectum 2. True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) False- (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) True c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) False- (process is endocytosis) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - True e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure. (T or F) False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) 2. True or False? a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F) True b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F) True c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) False- (Peripheral proteins are found on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane. Integral proteins span the entire length of the membrane.) d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F) False - Exocytosis e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) False- (This process is called receptor-mediated endocytosis or information transfer) 3. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? Tay-Sachs disease impacts the lysosome of the cell because a digestive enzyme in lacking. This leads to a toxic buildup of toxic lipids in the brain that cannot be broken down. This can lead to disability and death. 4, You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell would be carrying out respiration at a more active rate because its surface area to volume ration is higher than that of the larger cell. When there is more surface are and less volume the small cell allows metabolic processes in general to occur faster. 4, Explain at least two differences between Type | and Type Il alveolar cells. Type | forms the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli within the junction of the capillaries; also, Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface; and, Type II cells can divide Pagel pg. 1 Page 2 to replace damaged Type | cells. 5. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. pg. 2 Page 4 2: Pancreas 5: Duodenum 6: lleum 8: Ascending Calon pg. 4 Page 5 11. Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrachloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins. 11. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. The digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. 1. Ingestion - when food enters the mouth. 2. Digestion - When the food is mixed and moved and exposed to chemical enzymes in the Gl. It is broken down into two parts; Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion is when food is literally being broken down to smaller pieces by chewing. Chemical Digestion is when the food is exposed to the Gl tract and its enzymes break down the food into very small nutrients. 3. Absorption - Action of absorbing the DIGESTED food/nutrients into the bloodstream 4. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus. 12. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3: Maxilla 5: Vomer 7: Maxilla 8: Mandible 12. 2: Nasal Bone 4: Zygomatic Bone, Right 6: Inferior Nasal Concha 7: Maxilla 8: Mandible 13. Label the bones in the figure below: A: B: Hamate C: Capitate D: Trapezoid E: Trapezium isiform 13. Label the bones in the figure below: Proximal phalanx A: Trapezium B: Scaphoid E vgdae C: Lunate D: Triquetral ‘Dil phstens: E: 5th metacarpal Page 7 ADH 19. | am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas Insulin 19. | am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. ACTH 20. Aldosterone is involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium in the body. Explain how too much aldosterone could contribute to high blood pressure. Aldosterone’s primary target organ is the kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium. The blood sodium level is particularly important to the maintenance of blood pressure. Too much sodium causes retention of fluid and increases blood pressure. Therefore, too much aldosterone will cause increased and potentially high blood pressure. 20. Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? When the iodine is lacking in the diet, the thyroid enlarges in what is called a goiter. When the low level of thyroxin in the blood happened, the anterior pituitary keeps to produce TSH. And then the thyroid answers by increasing in size and producing goiter. However, this increase in size is not effective, because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. 21. A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor) 21. A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, alsa indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A) Meisner’s corpuscles; B) Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor) 22. Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once Keratinocytes - Produces a protein to protect the skin Fibroblasts - Produces collagen Melanocytes - Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays Langerhans cells - Assists in immune responses Meisner’s corpuscles — Detect Light Touch Nociceptors — Detects pain 23. What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Sebaceous gland- produces oil in which to prevent hair and skin from drying out. Page 8 23. What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Sweat gland (Sudoriferous) - produces sweat almost everywhere In the body and helps regulate body temperature) 
