Download BIOD351 / BIOD 351 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology | Questions & Answe and more Exams Learning processes in PDF only on Docsity!
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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Which of the following best describes the most important properties of the Yamanaka factors for iPSC generation? A. Viral proteins that induce pluripotency. B. Signaling receptors in trophoblasts. C. Multipotential D. Pioneering transcription factors expressed in ES cells. - correct answers Pioneering transcription factors expressed in ES cells. What is the expected result when siRNA is used in a cell? A. It reduces expression of a specific protein. B. It reduces transcription rate of a specific gene. C. It directly binds to DNA in the nucleus. D. It enhances expression of a specific gene. - correct answers It reduces expression of a specific protein A plasmid is which of the following? A. Circular extrachromosomal DNA B. A chromosome
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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C. A protein D. A bacteria - correct answers Circular extrachromosomal DNA You are making a transgene, where do you predict it will integrate into the genome? A. At a specific gene locus. B. A random chromosomal location C. On a plasmid D. It does not integrate - correct answers A random chromosomal location Which of the following is a true statement about a transgenic organism?
- A transgene is in all cells of an embryo.
- A transgene is only in a subset of cells of the embryo.
- A transgene is only in germ cells (eggs and sperm).
- A transgene is not found in cells - correct answers A transgene is in all cells of an embryo.
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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b. They are monopotent and can be cultured indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. c. They are pluripotent and cannot be cultured indefinitely. d. They are monopotent and cannot be cultured indefinitely. - correct answers They are pluripotent and can be cultured indefinitely in an undifferentiated state You have frozen a sample of tissue from the developing hindlimb and would like to analyze the levels of FGF8 protein. Which of the following would be the best technique? a. in situ hybridization b. western blotting c. transcriptomics d. siRNA - correct answers western blotting Which of the following binds to enhancer sites? a. Transcription factors b. RNA polymerase II c. DNA polymerase d. Spliceosome proteins - correct answers Transcription factors Induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, have a potential that is closest to which of the following?
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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a. blastocyst inner cell mass cell b. epidermal differentiated cell c. radial glial cell of the brain d. lung alveolar type II cell - correct answers blastocyst inner cell mass cell The engineered CRISPR/Cas9 system is a pioneering approach for genome editing. Which of the following components is required for targeting Cas9 to specific sites in the genome. a. loxp sites with the specific gene of interest b. CRISPR regions in the Pax6 gene c. co-expressing a guide RNA complementary to the targeted sequence d. injecting a fertilized zygote with Cas9 bound to a transcription factor that normally binds the targeted region - correct answers co-expressing a guide RNA complementary to the targeted sequence Embryonic stem (ES) cells represented a scientific breakthrough and allowed for the development of technologies such as knock-out mice. Which of the following best describes the key attributes of ES cells? A. They are monopotent.
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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Which of the following most accurately describes what you have done? A. Replaced the wild type Nkx2.5 alleles with a neomycin resistance gene in ES cells using homologous recombination. B. Replaced the wild type Nkx2.5 alleles with a neomycin resistance gene in ES cells using nonhomologous recombination. C. Cloned the promoter of Nkx2.5 upstream of green fluorescent protein and introduced it into the genome by nonhomologous recombination. D. Cloned promoter of Nkx2.5 downstream of green fluorescent protein and introduced into the genome by homologous recombination - correct answers Replaced the wild type Nkx2.5 alleles with a neomycin resistance gene in ES cells using homologous recombination What is the genomic signal that tells the cell to start transcription? - correct answers promoter What is the genomic signal that tells the cell to start translation? - correct answers AUG start codon
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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Which of the following is an accurate statement about enhancers? a) 5'-3' orientation is important for function b) they are located 5' of the promoter c) they are within 10 kb of the coding sequences d) they regulate translational efficiency e) transcription factors bind to them - correct answers transcription factors bind to them myostatin (inhibits/promotes) myogenesis - correct answers inhibits Which of the following is the correct order of developmental steps leading to a specialized cell type? A. determination, differentiation, specification B. differentiation, specification, determinati C. differentiation, determination, specification D. specification, determination, differentiation - correct answers specification, determination, differentiation Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Cell fates are reversible after specification.
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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If you have a mouse strain that expresses Cre recombinase (Cre) under the control of a heart-specific gene promoter, which of the following is true? A. All cells in the mouse express Cre PROTEIN. B. Cells in the skin will express Cre mRNA. C. Only cells in the heart will express Cre PROTEIN. D. Only cells in the heart will contain DNA encoding Cre - correct answers Only cells in the heart will express Cre PROTEIN You have bred a mouse with multiple genetic modifications. The first is the expression of a transgene encoding Cre Recombinase under the control of the Albumin gene promoter, which is liver-specific. The second is the targeted insertion of flanking loxp sites ("floxed") around one allele of "gene X". Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Only one functional allele of Gene X will be expressed in the liver.
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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B. The "loxp-Gene X-loxp" DNA sequence will be present in the brain. C. Two functional alleles of Gene X will be expressed in the heart. D. The "loxp-Gene X-loxp" DNA sequence will be present in the liver - correct answers False - The "loxp-Gene X-loxp" DNAsequence will be present in the liver What is the outcome of mammalian meiosis? A. Always four haploid germ cells. B. Always four diploid germ cells. C. One haploid germ cell. D. It depends on the sex of the germ cell. - correct answers It depends on the sex of the germ cell Which cells undergo meiosis? A. Embryonic stem cells B. Germ cells C. Somatic cells - correct answers Germ cells
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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A. Juxtacrine B. Paracrine C. Autocrine D. Endocrine - correct answers Paracrine In the ovary, oocytes are held at diplotene of meiosis I at birth. How is the diplotene block released?
- Progesterone activates c-Mos, which phosphorylates maturation promotion factor (MPF).
- A Ca 2+ influx induces the activity of calmodulin, which induces calmodulin and it phosphorylates maturation promotion factor (MPF)
- Calmodulin dependent kinase II (CamKII) and calpain are activated by progesterone and they degrade cytostatic factor (CSF).
- Progesterone activates c-Mos, which phosphorylates cytostatic factor (CSF) - correct answers Progesterone activates c-Mos, whichphosphorylates maturation promotion factor(MPF)
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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What crucial reagent did Frederick Sanger help create to sequence DNA that became the mainstay of the Human Genome Project? a. Fluorescently conjugated antibodies b. deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) c. In situ hybridization riboprobes d. chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) - correct answers chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) Which of the following is the end result of spermatogenesis? a. haploid round spermatid b. mature spermatozoa c. spermatogonia d. type B spermatogonium - correct answers mature spermatozoa True or False: The sperm nucleus is transcriptionally silent. - correct answers False You have found a compound that you suspect is a chemoattractant for sperm. If so, it should_________. Fill in the
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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D. There is a defect in Bindin - correct answers There is a defect in ZP Which of the following cell types is formed from epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive streak? A. ectoderm B. primary hypoblast C. mesoderm - correct answers mesoderm All the cells of the embryo proper (all the cells in your body now) derive from which of the following cells? A. hypoblast B. trophoblast C. epiblast - correct answers epiblast In the mammalian embryo, which structure is essential to set up the anterior-posterior axis? A. Anterior visceral endoderm B. Inner cell mass
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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C. Node D. Sperm entry site E. Primitive streak - correct answers Anterior visceral endoderm Disruption of which process would directly lead to a failure in the initial formation of the endoderm? a. Embryonic Folding b. Neurulation c. Somitogenesis d. Gastrulation - correct answers Gastrulation What is the morphogen that directs the location of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary? a. FGF b. Shh c. Nodal d. Oct4 - correct answers FGF The neural tube is derived which of the following germ layers?
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
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b. uterus c. vagina d. oviduct - correct answers oviduct A 25 year-old woman who is pregnant for the first time undergoes amniocentesis during the 25 th week of pregnancy. This testing reveals an increased level of acetylcholinesterase in the amniotic fluid. Acetylcholinesterase is normally produced in the CNS and cannot cross the blood brain barrier. This test suggests which of the following fetal abnormalities? A. Gastrulation defect B. Spinal bifida occulta C. Situs inversus D. Anencephaly - correct answers Anencephaly The neural tube is regionalized by developmental gene regulation. Which of the following correctly matches the gene and specified region?
Update 2025 / 2026) Pharmacology |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
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A.Shh - ventralizing the neural tube B.FGF8 - forebrain formation C.Hox - dorsal neural tube specification D.Folate - rhombomere axial specification - correct answers Shh - ventralizing the neural tube Your pet cat, Sage, has significant age-related decline in hindlimb motor function, likely due to a loss of neurons in the ventral spinal cord. You collect some cat fibroblasts and dedifferentiate them into ES cells using a standard iPSC induction procedure. To direct differentiation into motor neurons for transplantation into the spinal cord, which of the following combinations would be most appropriate. A.Low [Shh], high [FGF8] B.High [Wnt antagonist], high [BMP] C.High [Shh], high [RA] D.Low [BMP], high [cyclopamine] - correct answers High [Shh], high [RA] Carbon monoxide has been demonstrated to disrupt the
