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A comprehensive overview of the fungi and plant kingdoms, covering key characteristics, classifications, and evolutionary adaptations. It includes detailed descriptions of various phyla within the fungi kingdom, such as zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, and deuteromycota, highlighting their unique features and representative species. The document also explores the evolution of plants, discussing the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments and the adaptations that enabled plant life to thrive on land. It delves into the characteristics of nonvascular and vascular plants, including their respective divisions and representative species. The document concludes with an examination of seed plants, focusing on gymnosperms and angiosperms, their reproductive cycles, and the evolution of gametes.
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Kingdom Fungi ✔✔-Decomposers
Thallus ✔✔body
Mycelium ✔✔what the body is made up of
Hyphae ✔✔thread like, where the nutrience is absorbed
Septate ✔✔more evolved, many cells divided by walls
Coenocytic ✔✔one huge cell with many nucleus, more primitive
Haustoria ✔✔branching projections that push through cell walls into the living plant cells, absorbing nutrient
Heterokaryon ✔✔e.g. Dikaryon
Dikaryon ✔✔temporary stage during sexual reproduction before the fusion of nuclei
Karyogamy ✔✔fusion of nuclei
N= Ploidy ✔✔how man chromosomes present
haploid ✔✔(n) 1 set
diploid ✔✔(2n)
dikaryotic ✔✔(n+n)
Phylum Ascomycota (Representatives) ✔✔-Peziza
-Saccharomyces/ Yeast
-Claviceps/ Red ergot
-penicillium -> Penicillin
-Morels & Truffles
-Cheese, wine and bread
Phylum Basidomycota ✔✔CLUB FUNGI
-spores dispersed by air
-septate hyphae
-basidium -> Basidiocarp- reproduction structures
Phylum Basidomycota (Representatives) ✔✔-mushrooms
-toadstools
-puffballs
-bracket fungi
Phylum Deuteromycota ✔✔IMPERFECT FUNGI
-No sexual reproduction
-asexual conidospores produced
Phylum Deuteromycota (Representatives) ✔✔-Ringworm
-Presatory fungus- most common sticky substance
Significant Fungal Symbioses ✔✔-Mycorrhizae
-Lichens
Lichens ✔✔symbiosis b/w 2 radically different species: a fungus & photosynthetic microorganism, help each other out during rough conditions
Lichens (3 types) ✔✔-Crustose: crust like
-Fruiticose: shrubby
-Foliose: leafy
Kingdom Plantae ✔✔-Photosynthetic
-gravity
-reproduction
-temp flux
Land Plant Features (Adaptation) ✔✔-Chlorophyll A &B- to capture sunlight, similar to green algae chlorophyll
-starch storage, for prolonged inactive periods during seasonal variations
-gametes protected and kept most inside plant issues
-stomata (leaf opening) to regulate gas exchange
-wax surfaces to prevent excess water loss
-conduction tissue to transport water, nutrients and food
-support system
nonvascular plants ✔✔-gametophyte -> sporophyte
-small & live in moist environment
nonvascular plants (Divisions) ✔✔-Division Bryophyta (Mosses)
-Division Hepatophyta (Liverworts)
-Divison Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
seedless vascular plants ✔✔-posses Xylem & Phloem
-Sporophyte dominate
-evolution of leaf
evolution of leaf ✔✔-microphylls
-megaphylls
Seedless Vascular plants (Divisions) ✔✔-Division Lycophyta
-Division Psilophyta
-Division Sphennophyta
-Division Pterophyta
Division Lycophyta ✔✔-Club mosses
-roots
-leaves
alternation of generations ✔✔-bryophytes (nonvascular plants): sporophyte (2n) dependent on gametophyte (n)
-ferns: large sporophytes (2n) & small independent gametophytes (n)
-seed plants: reduced gametophytes (n) depend on sporophyte (2n)
"Seed" Plant ✔✔-terrestrial adaptations of seed plants
--pollination replaced swimming from sperm deliver to egg
--the seed evolved- a dormant embryo with surrounding nutrience protected from environmental conditions. The seed replaced spores as dispersal agents, using wind, water, or animals
-"seed" fertilized ovule
--integument, megasporangium, megaspore
Gymnosperms ✔✔-"Naked- seed"
-do not produce flower
-ovules/ seeds exposed
Gymnosperms (Division) ✔✔-Division Cycadophyta
-Division Ginkgophyta
-Division Gnetophyta
-Division Coniferophyta
Division Ginkgophyta ✔✔Ginko Biloba
-memory
Division Coniferophyta ✔✔-"Conifers"
-"Evergreen"
-oldest, tallest. most massive plants
-leaves from needle
-important economically
pine life cycle ✔✔-ovulate cone= megatrobilus w/ Megasporophylls (scales) -Microphyle
-pollen cone= microtrobilus w/ microsporophylls
-gametogensis -> gametes
angiosperms ✔✔-"enclosed- seed" plant
(parts w/ in)
angiosperm life cycle ✔✔-microspore (pollen) mother cell -> microspores -> pollen (male gametophyte) -> tube cell & generative cell
-megaspre mother cell -> megaspore -> embryo sac w/ 7 cells w/ 8 nuclei (female gametophyte)
-flowers ensure pollination by:
--insects
--birds
--mammals
-seed dispersal
--annuals
--perennials
-fruits: "Ripened ovary"
gamete evolution ✔✔-isogamy
-aniosogamy
-oogamy
isogamy ✔✔gametes are equally motile and of similar size
anisogamy ✔✔one gamete is large and less motile, with nutrience reserves, while the other is smaller and more motile, with few nutrient reserves
oogamy ✔✔one gamete is non motile and large with large nutrience reserves (egg) while the other is smaller and motile (sperm) and must locate the larger gamete
plant evolution ✔✔land colonization occurred about 400 mya, likely from aquatic, green algae ancestor
new problems on land ✔✔plants must adapt to living in the sir, a non aquatic, dry medium
