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Biodiversity Unit IV Final Exam Brooks
FAU Already Passed
Organisms in Phylum Annelida are distinguishable by their _________ bodies.
segmented
The worm-like shape found in Annelids is known as __________.
Vermiform
Annelids have the best ________ in the world. Why is this?
Coelom, because they have a coelom in each individual segment.
Each segment found in Annelids contains ________ & ________
Metanephridia [kidneys], hearts
Because the segments of Annelids look the same, they are described as displaying
Homonomous metamerism
Metameres are
segments found in Annelids
Annelids have which two types of muscles? This distinguishes them from which other phylum?
Longitudinal and Circular; Nematoda [only has longitudinal]; allows earthworms to crawl instead of just thrash
Annelid blood has ________ and can be which two colors?
Hemoglobin, green or red
Trocophore Larvae
Found in both annelids and mollusks; suggests link between the two phyla.
What type of circulatory system do annelids have? What is unique about their hearts?
Closed; first heart that is very similar to human heart
Parapodia
fleshy extensions found in annelids; used for locomotions and are living
Setae
secretions in annelids that function for locomotion; not alive and are made of chiton
Class Oligochaeta is commonly known as the _________
Earthworm
Oligochaetes have a _______ head
undifferentiated/poorly developed head; do not need vision
Describe Class Oligochaete reproduction
are typically monoecious/hermaphroditic; pair up anti parallel; fertilization occurs in the clitellum and once fertilized they slip clitellum off and it serves as a cocoon for developing embryos
Oligochaete epidermis needs to remain ________
moist for respiration
Class Hirudinea is in which Phylum
Annelida
Class Hirudinea includes organisms commonly known as
leeches
Parasitic Annelids
Hirudineas
These Annelids have an open circulatory system
Hirudinea
Hirudinean blood must contain
Anticoagulaes because they feed on blood
How often do Hirudineans eat?
Once every one or two years on one fill; have special compounds that help them preserve foods
Medically used Annelids
Hirudineans
Leech reproductive structure
Clitellum
Leech coelom is filled with
Mesenchyme [do not really have a 'coelom']
Most Arthropods exhibit a fusing of different segments known as
TAGMOSIS
Phylum Arthropoda contains organisms that have _________ metamerism.
Heteronomous
Which Phylum is the largest and most diverse?
ARTHROPODA
The Arthropod Tagma [specialize grouping] includes:
Head, Thorax and Abdomen
Arthropod exoskeletons are made up of
Chitin
Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda are all thought to be closely related. Why?
All segmented.
The least specialized segment in arthropods is....
the abdomen [least differentiated]
Arthropods continuously go through
segmentation
How can Arthropods who fly have an open circulatory system?
They have an extremely efficient tracheal system
Why do humans breathe heavier with increased heart rate?
Because oxygen is not getting to muscles as efficiently; they begin to ferment and lactic acid is produce; less efficient ATP production/use
Almost all species of insects have _____ representatives
flying
The _____ circ system in insects contains ____ but no _____ and have ______ in their heart.
open, no veins, has arteries-- osita [holes in the heart]
Hoemocoel
The open body cavity in arthropods through which blood flows and washed over organs and tissues
The _____ in Arthropods is degenerate
coelom; meaning that when they become adults they get rid of it
Describe the process of ECDYSIS
Molting in Arthropods is under hormonal control. The mold inhibiting hormone (X) is found in the eye stalks of crabs; The Molting stimulating hormone is known as ECDYSOME and is they stimulating Y hormone produced by the prothoracic gland.
How many molts does it take to reach true adult form?
7-8 to reach adulthood/reproductive stage
Instars
Intermediate/juvenile stages of molting in between larval and adult stage
Arthropods can use ____ during molting to release exoskeleton
water to swell
Describe continuous v discontinuous growth
the growth chart of a discontinuously growing organism such as one that molt resembles steps whereas a continuous growth chart is a smooth upward curve
Some insects molt forever TF
TRUE
Have to determine age of a lobster when hunting
TRUE
Compound eye
most common eye form on the planet; found in arthropods and is made of MULTIPLE lenses
Describe Arthropod Classification
Appendages -- biramous v uniramous Mouth Parts -- chelicerae, pedipalps and mandibles Mandible = jaw
Pseudoscorpions do not have
a telson/stinger
Classes of Subphylum Chelicerata
Arachnida, Merostomata and Pyncogonida
Class Arachnida
Are terrestrial, have chelicerae with fangs
Black Widow spider
can kill; kills male after having sex with him-- eats him
Brown Recluse Spider
Venom causes tissue necrosis
Web Building in Arachnida
web is actually a protein; can detect insects trapped in protein; study was done on effects of drugs on web building
Other than spiders, Arachnids include:
Ticks [blood sucking] Mites [dust mites and hair follicle mites] and scorpions
Class Merostomata characteristics
Horse shoe crabs! Related to spiders, not crabs. They are a LIVING FOSSIL [have not changed] and are mostly aquatic
Horseshoe crabs are how old?
400 million years old
How many walking legs do organisms in Class Merostomata have? Pedipalp? Chelicerae?
4 pairs of walking legs, 1 pair of pedipalp and 1 pair of chelicerae; have a cephalothorax and an abdomen, telson
Giant Water Scorpion
Extinct, telson could get up to 10 ft long
Scorpions and UV light
glow! are fluorescent under uv light
Class Pyncogonida
Also known as sea spiders; do not really have a body; organs grow out into legs; males have egg sac like organs -- OVIGEROUS legs
Subphylum Crustacea [Phylum Arthropoda] have ________ segments and _______ appendages
cephalothoracic; biramous
The head of organisms in subphylum crustacea includes
eyes - 1st and 2nd antennae [smaller are antennules] and 1st, 2nd maxillae
The Thoracic segment of subphylum crustacea include
1st, 2nd, 3rd maxillipeds, chelipeds and pereiopods
The chelipeds in crustaceans have a _____ tip
modified; claw
Megalops
Only crab goes from zoea to megalops [broadens] intermediate larvae; abdomen sets thin and in crabs goes on bottom stuck in a groove [abdomen in crabs becomes a line within a groove]
Class Crustacean Orders
Copepoda, Cirripedia, Isopoda, Decapoda
Order Copepoda
Most abundant order in class crustacea, are planktonic, rulers 'lions' of the planktonic world due to their abundance -- cyclops
Order Cirripedia
All marine; 'fluffy feet' some are symbiotic
Fouling organisms
Order Cirripedia; barnacles are known as fouling organisms bc they 'foul' things up, attache to whales and boats
Barnacle is like a _____________ on its back with _____ feet
shrimp; feathery
When compared to their size, __________ have the largest penises in the world.
Barnacles; up to 8x their size
Order Isopoda
Marine; except for pill bug/rolly polly
Pill bugs belong to which order and subphylum? How can they be ectoparasites?
Isopoda-- crustacea; attach to fish tongue, eat tongue and absorb nutrients that fish eats
Order Decapoda
LARGES physically of all crustaceans; spider crab included -- blue crab, fiddler crab, hermit crab
May decapods replace body parts through ___________
molting
Boxer crab
Subphylum Uniramia:
3 tagma body plan Metamorphosis Instars Ametabolus Hemimetabolus Holometabolus Apterygota, Exopterygota & Endopterygota
Ametabolous
Juveniles are just smaller adult forms [silver fish and bristle tail]; do not undergo metamorphosis and do not have wings [apterygota]
The most primitive insects are _________
Ametabolus [no wings and no metamorphosis]
The silverfish goes through how many instars before reaching adult form?
7; all look the same
Hemimetabolus
'incomplete net' Exopterygota = wings develop outside of cocoon NYMPHS look just like adults but lack wings
Holometabolus
Endopterygota [wings develop inside the cocoon] larva --> pupa w/cocoon
Caterpillars undergo pupation and develop wings inside of cocoon. This type of development is known as
Endopterygota
Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis are
Holometabolus/ Endopterygota
Crab lice =
Crabs STD
Flea is not actually lice but is an
insect; can jump
Class Chilopoda
Include centipedes; more dangerous than millipedes and have one pair of legs per segment; have a poison gland
Repugnatorial gland
similar to stink gland in skunk; found in Diplopoda [millipedes]
Class Diplopoda
Have repugnatorial gland, millipedes, no poison glands-- paired segments found fused into pairs [4 legs per segment]
Class Onychophora
Hydrostatic skeleton
basis of support filled with water -- echinoderms
Class Crinoidea
feather star and sea lily; very primitive -- were once very abundant but not very representative
Class Asteroidea
sea stars; usually pentamorous but not always
Class Ophiuroidea
brittle/basket stars
Brittle Star
Looks like arms are stuck into a star [ophi]
Basket Star
has branching arms which move around like snakes [ophi]
Class Echinoidea
There are regular and irregular echinoids; sea urchins are considered to be 'regular' sand dollars are 'irregular'
Irregular echinoids
"sand dollars" look like urchins that got smashed, also known as heart urchin or sea biscuits-- not all bilateral
Class Holothroidea
Aka sea cucumbers -- have cylindrical with tertiary bilateral symmetry-- very strange; have two major branches to respiratory system and gut-- pearl fish live inside gut/anus use FEET to eat!
Phylum Chaetognatha
"arrow worms" are microscopic; known as ***lions of the planktonic community because of their efficiency; are planktonic predators with GNATHA - jaw surrounded by chaetae
Phylum Hemichordata
Burrowing marine worms gill slits present
