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Evolution Quiz Evolution Test Genetics and Medicine Quiz Genetics and Medicine Test Ecology Quiz Ecology Test BIOL 1010 Jeremy Farrell
Typology: Study notes
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Seven properties of life:
Geographic north pole is in fixed position but magnetic is constantly in motion (it’s moved 125m off Canadian coast and is speeding up..40km/yr)
Proteins were thought to be the only molecules capable of catalysis until 1982 Ribozymes: RNA that can catalyze, some are called RNA replicases which can catalyze their own synthesis RNA World hypothesis: RNA used by early life forms and replication preceded proteins and DNA then DNA evolved (RNA acted as both an information carrier and a catalyst for biochemical reactions.) (A current leading hypothesis about the first system of inheritance in the earliest lifeforms involved: self-replicating RNA molecules with ribozyme activity) DNA: double stranded helix made of 4 building blocks (nucleotides) RNA: single stranded helix made of nucleotides (DNA and RNA diff sugar comp) Can:
Protocells: (Australia)
Viruses:
helping greenhouse effect, fixing snowball earth (Photosynthesis exchanged atmospheric CO2 for O2, and O2 reacted with methane resulting in depletion of the greenhouse gases.) Edicarian fauna: most ancient complex organisms 600-500 MYA by 540 most extinct (not archaea)
During photosynthesis, plants take in water, carbon dioxide and solar energy to produce carbohydrates in the chloroplast, (thylakoid membrane.) No oxygen because there was no source... is highly reactive Oxygenic or non-cyclic photosynthesis led to slow increase of o2 in atmosphere Detect oxygen by presence of iron and sulfur oxidized compounds (seen in fossil deposits) Og .000001% then reached 15% and reacted w iron to form iron oxides Layers of iron oxide deposited bottom of oceans 2 BYA Aerobic respiration became the dominant form of metabolism (req. for emergence of eukaryotes) amongst bacteria, (eukaryotes are much more complex than prokaryotes and require greater amounts of energy for their metabolism) Anaerobes retreated to marginal environments Order: prokaryotes, photosynthesis, eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi Chromosome: circular DNA Synthesizes ATP through photosynthesis Chloroplast and mitochondria arose through endosymbiosis: Ribosomes similar and synthesize its own proteins Grows, divides, and duplicates own DNA Eukaryotic cell without chloroplasts cannot make chloroplasts nor mitochondria Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Enclosed by membrane Store hereditary info in DNA Replicate DNA same way Use RNA to transcribe DNA
Translate RNA into protein via tRNA and ribosomes Use proteins as catalysts Use ATP for free energy
sequence(phenotype)) DNA sequences are random! Reduced allele variation results in an increased chance of extinction. Phenotypic consequences:
this all led to the development of males beautiful aspects and extravagant features which are indicators of good genes
species will slow down Speciation: Carl Linnaeus: created binomial nomenclature:
Big branches removed, created space for niche animals to come and grow (late Cretaceous) Fossil records are inconsistent Homologous:
Depth perception Excellent focus Advantages when living in trees But limits field of view (not large)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleaic Acid):
Amino acids -> proteins -> living cells -> tissues -> organs - > living creatures RNA: Partial copies of DNA, missing half travels form nucleus to ribosome Ribosomes: