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Kingdom Animalia - multicell, heterotrophic, no cell wall, w/ cytoskeleton. GKpid protein aligns mitotic spindle โ correct division. Collagen in ECM = structural protein. Cell jxns = communication. Most have NS + muscle tissue. Sexual repro. via blastula โ gastrula โ embryo. Some โ metamorph. Hox genes - dev. patterning (A/P axis), all = 18S rRNA similarity. Ancestors = choanoflagellates. Symmetry + Body Plan - Asymmetry (sponges), spherical (volvox), radial (jellies: oral/aboral), bilateral (cephalization โ head, sensory โ 1 end, suited 4 movement). Radial = sac-like gut (1 opening), Bilat. = tube-in-tube (mouth/anus, specialized regions) Germ Layers - Diploblastic = ecto + endo (mesoglea in btwn). Triploblastic = +meso (โ muscle, CT, circ. sys, etc.) Coelom Acoelomate = no cavity. Pseudocoelom = false cavity (1 side mesoderm, ex. Nematoda). Eucoelom = true (meso surrounds gut, anchor via mesentery, allows complexity). Segmentation Repeating units = metamerism (ex. annelids, arthropods, chordates), allows specialization. Dev. Patterns Protostomes: blastopore โ mouth, spiral, determinate cleavage, schizocoely (meso splits โ coelom). (ex. molluscs, annelids, arthropods) Deuterostomes: blastopore โ anus, radial, indeterminate cleavage (pluripotent cells), enterocoely (gut outpocketing โ coelom), (ex. echinoderms, chordates) Phylo Tree Metazoa โ Eumetazoa (tissues) โ Bilateria โ split into Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa + Ecdysozoa) + Deuterostomia. Porifera (Sponges) - no tissues/organs, filter feeders. Choanocytes (collar cells) move water. Spicules (CaCOโ/Silica/Spongin), amoebocytes = distrib. nutrients. Body types: Asconoid (simple), Syconoid (folded), Leuconoid (complex). Repro: asex (budding, gemmules), sex (sperm/egg into water). Cnidaria Diploblastic, radial, w/ cnidocytes (โ nematocysts). 2 forms: Polyp (sessile), Medusa (mobile), nerve net, hydrostatic skeleton. Repro alt. btwn poly/medusa. Classes: Scyphozoa (true jellies): planula โ scyphistoma โ strobila โ ephyra. Cubozoa: box jellies, visual predators, potent toxins. Hydrozoa:(ex. Portuguese man o' war = colonial polyp) Feeding polyps = gastrozooids; repro. = gonozooids. Anthozoa: coral, sea anemone. No medusa. Corals = symb. w/ zooxanthellae. Form reefs (hermatypic). Ctenophora Comb jellies. 8 ciliary rows, diploblastic or triploblastic-like. No stingers; colloblasts (sticky). Complete gut, bioluminescent. Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Bilateral, acoelomate, ladder-type NS. Organ-level org. Incomplete gut. Free-living = planaria (thin due to SA:V). Parasitic (โ
): Trematodes (flukes) = multiple hosts. Schistosoma = sep. sexes, live in blood vessels. Clonorchis = liver fluke, acquired via raw fish. Tapeworms = scolex (head), proglottids (repro segs). Humans can be int. host โ cysts in brain (neurocysticercosis). Rotifera Microscopic, multicell. ~1000 cells. Complete dig. sys. Corona = cilia crown. Mastax = pharynx w/ trophi (jaws). Pseudocoelomates. Flame cells for excretion. Repro: parthenogenesis or switch to sexual. Cryptobiosis = dry survival. Cyclomorphosis = seasonal shape change (predator response). Annelida (Segmented Worms) Protostome, Lophotrochozoa, eucoelomate. Segmented (septa). Closed circ.
sys., coelomic fluid transport. Chatae = bristles (locomotion/anchor). Circular + long. muscles = peristalsis. Polychaetes (marine): Errantia = swimmers/predators, parapodia w/ jaws, eyes. Sedentaria = tube/burrow dwellers. Oligochaetes (ex. earthworms): few chatae, no parapodia, clitellum = repro. Cocoon = fert. + nutrients. Typhlosole = โSA for absorption. Leeches: no chatae, no head, seasonal clitellum. Suckers, anesthetics, hirudin = anticoag. Pogonophorans: vent dwellers, no gut, symbiotic chemo-bacteria in trophosome. Mollusca - Protostome, Lophotrochozoa. 3-part body: 1. Visceral Mass : organs, open circ. (except cephalopods). 2. Mantle : secretes shell, houses gills/lungs. 3. Head-Foot : movement + feeding (radula). Shell: Periostracum (outer), Prismatic (CaCOโ), Nacreous (mother-of-pearl). Life cycle = trochophore โ veliger โ spat (in bivalves). Bivalvia: 2 shells, siphons, no head or radula. Gastropoda: torsion = twist body; radula; operculum. Cephalopoda: closed circ., brainy, arms + tentacles, ink + chromatophores, jet prop. Beak + radula. No larvae. Shell = internal (pen/cuttlebone) or absent. Ecdysozoa Molting (ecdysis) of cuticle = growth. Amoeboid sperm. Internal fert. Metamorphosis = โcomp. adult vs juvenile. Nematoda (Roundworms) Pseudocoelomate. Unsegmented, high-pressure fluid body. Longitudinal musc. only โ thrash mvmt. Molt 4ร. Eutely (fixed # cells). Ascaris, Hookworm: skin โ lungs โ gut. Trichinella (trichinosis), Filarial worms: river blindness, heartworm, elephantiasis. Guinea worm: almost eradicated, remove slowly. Arthropoda Segmented w/ jointed appendages (tagmata = H/T/A). Chitin exoskeleton (molted). Open circ., ventral solid nerve cord, compound eyes (ommatidia), setae = sensory hairs. Molting via ecdysone (Y/X organs). Gas exch. = gills (aquatic), book lungs (spiders), tracheae + spiracles (insects). GI: foregut/midgut/hindgut, gastric mill (some). Crustacea: cephalothorax + abdomen, biramous limbs, swimmerets (โ), uropods (tail), 2 pairs antennae. Chelicerates: spiders, scorpions, ticks. No antennae. Chelicerae (fangs), pedipalps, 4 pairs legs. Book lungs. Uniramians: Hexapoda (insects): 3 legs, 2 wings, compound eyes, malpighian tubules = uric acid. Metamorphosis Ametabolous = no change (silverfish). Hemimetabolous = gradual (nymph โ adult). Holometabolous = complete (egg โ larva โ pupa โ adult). Myripods: Chilopoda = centipedes (1 leg/seg., fast, venom). Diplopoda = millipedes (2 legs/seg., slow, herbivores). Deuterostomes - True coelom via enterocoely. Echinodermata - Spiny skin, marine only. Radial (5-part) adults, bilateral larvae. Endoskeleton (Caยฒโบ). Water vascular sys.: madreporite โ stone canal โ ring canal โ radial canal โ ampullae โ tube feet (mvmt/feed). Pedicellariae = clean debris. Sea cucumbers eviscerate guts. Chordata All have: 1. Notochord (โ spine) 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord (โ brain/SC) 3. Pharyngeal slits/pouches (โ gills, glands, etc.) 4. Post-anal tail Thyroid = homologous to endostyle (iodine metab.) Invertebrate chordates Cephalochordata = lancelets. Urochordata = tunicates. Adults only keep gill slits Vertebrata Backbone, cranium, 10-12 CN, complete GI, closed circ., paired kidneys, endoskeleton.
Taxonomy/Phylogeny Taxonomy = naming/classifying. Phylogeny = hist. via tree. Homology = shared ancestry Analogy = convergent traits Ontogeny = dev. from zygote โ adult; vertebrates share: post-anal tail, gill slits, notochord, nerve cord. Molecular data: immunology, AA seq. Assemblages Mono = 1 anc., all desc. Poly = no common anc. Para = common anc., not all desc. Adaptive Radiation 1 anc. โ many niches (ex: Darwinโs finches) Mass Extinctions 1. Ordovician-Silurian (85% marine) 2. Devonian (83%, cooling/low Oโ) 3. Permian (95%, volcanoes/comets) 4. Triassic-Jurassic (80%). 5. K-T (dinos gone, 65 mya, 76% marine) 6. Anthropocene (current, human-driven, 30% loss predicted). Hardy-Weinberg p+q=1; pยฒ+2pq+qยฒ=1; Needs: 1. No mut. 2. No migration 3. Rand. mating 4. No drift (large pop) 5. No selection. Alveolates (Euk. Supergroup) Dinoflagellates : toxic blooms โ red tides (DSP, PSP from saxitoxin). 2 flagella, spin, plates of cellulose/silica. Coral symbionts = zooxanthellae. Biolum. Cyst dormancy. Ciliates (ex. Paramecium) : fast, complex. Cilia. Holozoic. Pellicle (microtubules). Divide: transverse fission; sex: conjugation via micronuclei swap โ new macronucleus. Trichocysts = defense. Apicomplexans : obligate parasites. Sporozoite & merozoite stages. Apical complex. Toxoplasma gondii = brain cysts, behavior mod. Plasmodium (malaria): mosquito โ human. Sporozoite โ liver โ merozoite โ RBCs โ gametocytes. Zygote in mosquito. Zygotic life cycle. Fungi Mycology = study. Heterotrophic decomposers (osmotrophy). Mutualists (lichens). Hyphae/Mycelium = nutrient net. Aseptate = multinuclei. Septate = cross walls. CW = chitin. Store glycogen (like animals). Repro : Asexual = spores (conidia), budding, frag. Sexual = 1. Haploid hyphae fuse โ 2. Dikaryotic stage (n+n) โ 3. Diploid zygote in fruiting body โ meiosis โ spores Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) : 75% fungi. Conidia spores. Yeast, aspergillus, penicillium. Ergot (rye). Cladosporium = allergies. Sexual = asci in ascocarps โ ascospores. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) : Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts. Septate hyphae. Basidia on gills โ spores. Death cap = deadly toxin (RNA pol. blocker). Plants 98% biomass. Multicell. photo. euks. From charophyte algae (cellulose walls, apical growth). Plasmodesmata = cell channels. Store starch. 4 Major Plant Events - 1. Nonvascular (bryophytes): no lignin. Rhizoids. Dominant gametophyte. Sperm swims. ex. mosses, peat. 2. Seedless vascular: ferns, horsetails. Vascular tissues = size โ 3. Gymnosperms: naked seeds. Conifers (needle leaves, xylem = softwood, in taiga). 4. Angiosperms: flowering, fruit-bearing. Most diverse. Ovules enclosed. Cretaceous origin. Life Cycle = Alt. of Generations Diploid sporophyte โ meiosis โ spores โ haploid gametophyte โ gametes โ zygote โ sporophyte. Sporangia protect spores. Sporopollenin resists drying. โDrive Straightโ = Diploid Sporophyte โHigh Giraffeโ = Haploid Gametophyte. Nonvascular : Liverworts โ mosses โ hornworts. Moist habitats. Rhizoids. No true leaves. Spore via wind. Mosses : survive drought. Peat moss = COโ buffer, global impact. Seedless Vascular : Lycophytes = club mosses. Rhizome w/ aerial stems. Microphyll leaves. Strobili = cones.
