Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

BIOL 1113 final review, Cheat Sheet of Biology

final exam review for biol 1113. majority of the topics taught within the class. professor potts-santone

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Uploaded on 06/18/2025

zam-vele
zam-vele ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

1 document

1 / 4

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Kingdom Animalia - multicell, heterotrophic, no cell wall, w/ cytoskeleton. GKpid protein aligns mitotic spindle โ†’
correct division. Collagen in ECM = structural protein. Cell jxns = communication. Most have NS + muscle tissue.
Sexual repro. via blastula โ†’ gastrula โ†’ embryo. Some โ†’ metamorph. Hox genes - dev. patterning (A/P axis), all
= 18S rRNA similarity. Ancestors = choanoflagellates. Symmetry + Body Plan - Asymmetry (sponges), spherical
(volvox), radial (jellies: oral/aboral), bilateral (cephalization โ†’ head, sensory โ†’ 1 end, suited 4 movement).
Radial = sac-like gut (1 opening), Bilat. = tube-in-tube (mouth/anus, specialized regions) Germ Layers -
Diploblastic = ecto + endo (mesoglea in btwn). Triploblastic = +meso (โ†’ muscle, CT, circ. sys, etc.) Coelom
Acoelomate = no cavity. Pseudocoelom = false cavity (1 side mesoderm, ex. Nematoda). Eucoelom = true (meso
surrounds gut, anchor via mesentery, allows complexity). Segmentation Repeating units = metamerism (ex.
annelids, arthropods, chordates), allows specialization.Dev. Patterns Protostomes: blastopore โ†’ mouth, spiral,
determinate cleavage, schizocoely (meso splits โ†’ coelom). (ex. molluscs, annelids, arthropods) Deuterostomes:
blastopore โ†’ anus, radial, indeterminate cleavage (pluripotent cells), enterocoely (gut outpocketing โ†’ coelom),
(ex. echinoderms, chordates) Phylo Tree Metazoa โ†’ Eumetazoa (tissues) โ†’ Bilateria โ†’ split into Protostomia
(Lophotrochozoa + Ecdysozoa) + Deuterostomia. Porifera (Sponges) - no tissues/organs, filter feeders.
Choanocytes (collar cells) move water. Spicules (CaCOโ‚ƒ/Silica/Spongin), amoebocytes = distrib. nutrients. Body
types: Asconoid (simple), Syconoid (folded), Leuconoid (complex). Repro: asex (budding, gemmules), sex
(sperm/egg into water). Cnidaria Diploblastic, radial, w/ cnidocytes (โ†’ nematocysts). 2 forms: Polyp (sessile),
Medusa (mobile), nerve net, hydrostatic skeleton. Repro alt. btwn poly/medusa. Classes: Scyphozoa (true jellies):
planula โ†’ scyphistoma โ†’ strobila โ†’ ephyra. Cubozoa: box jellies, visual predators, potent toxins. Hydrozoa:(ex.
Portuguese man o' war = colonial polyp) Feeding polyps = gastrozooids; repro. = gonozooids. Anthozoa: coral,
sea anemone. No medusa. Corals = symb. w/ zooxanthellae. Form reefs (hermatypic). Ctenophora Comb jellies.
8 ciliary rows, diploblastic or triploblastic-like. No stingers; colloblasts (sticky). Complete gut, bioluminescent.
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Bilateral, acoelomate, ladder-type NS. Organ-level org. Incomplete gut. Free-living
= planaria (thin due to SA:V). Parasitic (โ…”): Trematodes (flukes) = multiple hosts. Schistosoma = sep. sexes, live
in blood vessels. Clonorchis = liver fluke, acquired via raw fish. Tapeworms = scolex (head), proglottids (repro
segs). Humans can be int. host โ†’ cysts in brain (neurocysticercosis). Rotifera Microscopic, multicell. ~1000 cells.
Complete dig. sys. Corona = cilia crown. Mastax = pharynx w/ trophi (jaws). Pseudocoelomates. Flame cells for
excretion. Repro: parthenogenesis or switch to sexual. Cryptobiosis = dry survival. Cyclomorphosis = seasonal
shape change (predator response). Annelida (Segmented Worms) Protostome, Lophotrochozoa, eucoelomate.
Segmented (septa). Closed circ.
pf3
pf4

Partial preview of the text

Download BIOL 1113 final review and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Kingdom Animalia - multicell, heterotrophic, no cell wall, w/ cytoskeleton. GKpid protein aligns mitotic spindle โ†’ correct division. Collagen in ECM = structural protein. Cell jxns = communication. Most have NS + muscle tissue. Sexual repro. via blastula โ†’ gastrula โ†’ embryo. Some โ†’ metamorph. Hox genes - dev. patterning (A/P axis), all = 18S rRNA similarity. Ancestors = choanoflagellates. Symmetry + Body Plan - Asymmetry (sponges), spherical (volvox), radial (jellies: oral/aboral), bilateral (cephalization โ†’ head, sensory โ†’ 1 end, suited 4 movement). Radial = sac-like gut (1 opening), Bilat. = tube-in-tube (mouth/anus, specialized regions) Germ Layers - Diploblastic = ecto + endo (mesoglea in btwn). Triploblastic = +meso (โ†’ muscle, CT, circ. sys, etc.) Coelom Acoelomate = no cavity. Pseudocoelom = false cavity (1 side mesoderm, ex. Nematoda). Eucoelom = true (meso surrounds gut, anchor via mesentery, allows complexity). Segmentation Repeating units = metamerism (ex. annelids, arthropods, chordates), allows specialization. Dev. Patterns Protostomes: blastopore โ†’ mouth, spiral, determinate cleavage, schizocoely (meso splits โ†’ coelom). (ex. molluscs, annelids, arthropods) Deuterostomes: blastopore โ†’ anus, radial, indeterminate cleavage (pluripotent cells), enterocoely (gut outpocketing โ†’ coelom), (ex. echinoderms, chordates) Phylo Tree Metazoa โ†’ Eumetazoa (tissues) โ†’ Bilateria โ†’ split into Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa + Ecdysozoa) + Deuterostomia. Porifera (Sponges) - no tissues/organs, filter feeders. Choanocytes (collar cells) move water. Spicules (CaCOโ‚ƒ/Silica/Spongin), amoebocytes = distrib. nutrients. Body types: Asconoid (simple), Syconoid (folded), Leuconoid (complex). Repro: asex (budding, gemmules), sex (sperm/egg into water). Cnidaria Diploblastic, radial, w/ cnidocytes (โ†’ nematocysts). 2 forms: Polyp (sessile), Medusa (mobile), nerve net, hydrostatic skeleton. Repro alt. btwn poly/medusa. Classes: Scyphozoa (true jellies): planula โ†’ scyphistoma โ†’ strobila โ†’ ephyra. Cubozoa: box jellies, visual predators, potent toxins. Hydrozoa:(ex. Portuguese man o' war = colonial polyp) Feeding polyps = gastrozooids; repro. = gonozooids. Anthozoa: coral, sea anemone. No medusa. Corals = symb. w/ zooxanthellae. Form reefs (hermatypic). Ctenophora Comb jellies. 8 ciliary rows, diploblastic or triploblastic-like. No stingers; colloblasts (sticky). Complete gut, bioluminescent. Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Bilateral, acoelomate, ladder-type NS. Organ-level org. Incomplete gut. Free-living = planaria (thin due to SA:V). Parasitic (โ…”): Trematodes (flukes) = multiple hosts. Schistosoma = sep. sexes, live in blood vessels. Clonorchis = liver fluke, acquired via raw fish. Tapeworms = scolex (head), proglottids (repro segs). Humans can be int. host โ†’ cysts in brain (neurocysticercosis). Rotifera Microscopic, multicell. ~1000 cells. Complete dig. sys. Corona = cilia crown. Mastax = pharynx w/ trophi (jaws). Pseudocoelomates. Flame cells for excretion. Repro: parthenogenesis or switch to sexual. Cryptobiosis = dry survival. Cyclomorphosis = seasonal shape change (predator response). Annelida (Segmented Worms) Protostome, Lophotrochozoa, eucoelomate. Segmented (septa). Closed circ.

sys., coelomic fluid transport. Chatae = bristles (locomotion/anchor). Circular + long. muscles = peristalsis. Polychaetes (marine): Errantia = swimmers/predators, parapodia w/ jaws, eyes. Sedentaria = tube/burrow dwellers. Oligochaetes (ex. earthworms): few chatae, no parapodia, clitellum = repro. Cocoon = fert. + nutrients. Typhlosole = โ†‘SA for absorption. Leeches: no chatae, no head, seasonal clitellum. Suckers, anesthetics, hirudin = anticoag. Pogonophorans: vent dwellers, no gut, symbiotic chemo-bacteria in trophosome. Mollusca - Protostome, Lophotrochozoa. 3-part body: 1. Visceral Mass : organs, open circ. (except cephalopods). 2. Mantle : secretes shell, houses gills/lungs. 3. Head-Foot : movement + feeding (radula). Shell: Periostracum (outer), Prismatic (CaCOโ‚ƒ), Nacreous (mother-of-pearl). Life cycle = trochophore โ†’ veliger โ†’ spat (in bivalves). Bivalvia: 2 shells, siphons, no head or radula. Gastropoda: torsion = twist body; radula; operculum. Cephalopoda: closed circ., brainy, arms + tentacles, ink + chromatophores, jet prop. Beak + radula. No larvae. Shell = internal (pen/cuttlebone) or absent. Ecdysozoa Molting (ecdysis) of cuticle = growth. Amoeboid sperm. Internal fert. Metamorphosis = โ†“comp. adult vs juvenile. Nematoda (Roundworms) Pseudocoelomate. Unsegmented, high-pressure fluid body. Longitudinal musc. only โ†’ thrash mvmt. Molt 4ร—. Eutely (fixed # cells). Ascaris, Hookworm: skin โ†’ lungs โ†’ gut. Trichinella (trichinosis), Filarial worms: river blindness, heartworm, elephantiasis. Guinea worm: almost eradicated, remove slowly. Arthropoda Segmented w/ jointed appendages (tagmata = H/T/A). Chitin exoskeleton (molted). Open circ., ventral solid nerve cord, compound eyes (ommatidia), setae = sensory hairs. Molting via ecdysone (Y/X organs). Gas exch. = gills (aquatic), book lungs (spiders), tracheae + spiracles (insects). GI: foregut/midgut/hindgut, gastric mill (some). Crustacea: cephalothorax + abdomen, biramous limbs, swimmerets (โ™‚), uropods (tail), 2 pairs antennae. Chelicerates: spiders, scorpions, ticks. No antennae. Chelicerae (fangs), pedipalps, 4 pairs legs. Book lungs. Uniramians: Hexapoda (insects): 3 legs, 2 wings, compound eyes, malpighian tubules = uric acid. Metamorphosis Ametabolous = no change (silverfish). Hemimetabolous = gradual (nymph โ†’ adult). Holometabolous = complete (egg โ†’ larva โ†’ pupa โ†’ adult). Myripods: Chilopoda = centipedes (1 leg/seg., fast, venom). Diplopoda = millipedes (2 legs/seg., slow, herbivores). Deuterostomes - True coelom via enterocoely. Echinodermata - Spiny skin, marine only. Radial (5-part) adults, bilateral larvae. Endoskeleton (Caยฒโบ). Water vascular sys.: madreporite โ†’ stone canal โ†’ ring canal โ†’ radial canal โ†’ ampullae โ†’ tube feet (mvmt/feed). Pedicellariae = clean debris. Sea cucumbers eviscerate guts. Chordata All have: 1. Notochord (โ†’ spine) 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord (โ†’ brain/SC) 3. Pharyngeal slits/pouches (โ†’ gills, glands, etc.) 4. Post-anal tail Thyroid = homologous to endostyle (iodine metab.) Invertebrate chordates Cephalochordata = lancelets. Urochordata = tunicates. Adults only keep gill slits Vertebrata Backbone, cranium, 10-12 CN, complete GI, closed circ., paired kidneys, endoskeleton.

Taxonomy/Phylogeny Taxonomy = naming/classifying. Phylogeny = hist. via tree. Homology = shared ancestry Analogy = convergent traits Ontogeny = dev. from zygote โ†’ adult; vertebrates share: post-anal tail, gill slits, notochord, nerve cord. Molecular data: immunology, AA seq. Assemblages Mono = 1 anc., all desc. Poly = no common anc. Para = common anc., not all desc. Adaptive Radiation 1 anc. โ†’ many niches (ex: Darwinโ€™s finches) Mass Extinctions 1. Ordovician-Silurian (85% marine) 2. Devonian (83%, cooling/low Oโ‚‚) 3. Permian (95%, volcanoes/comets) 4. Triassic-Jurassic (80%). 5. K-T (dinos gone, 65 mya, 76% marine) 6. Anthropocene (current, human-driven, 30% loss predicted). Hardy-Weinberg p+q=1; pยฒ+2pq+qยฒ=1; Needs: 1. No mut. 2. No migration 3. Rand. mating 4. No drift (large pop) 5. No selection. Alveolates (Euk. Supergroup) Dinoflagellates : toxic blooms โ†’ red tides (DSP, PSP from saxitoxin). 2 flagella, spin, plates of cellulose/silica. Coral symbionts = zooxanthellae. Biolum. Cyst dormancy. Ciliates (ex. Paramecium) : fast, complex. Cilia. Holozoic. Pellicle (microtubules). Divide: transverse fission; sex: conjugation via micronuclei swap โ†’ new macronucleus. Trichocysts = defense. Apicomplexans : obligate parasites. Sporozoite & merozoite stages. Apical complex. Toxoplasma gondii = brain cysts, behavior mod. Plasmodium (malaria): mosquito โ†’ human. Sporozoite โ†’ liver โ†’ merozoite โ†’ RBCs โ†’ gametocytes. Zygote in mosquito. Zygotic life cycle. Fungi Mycology = study. Heterotrophic decomposers (osmotrophy). Mutualists (lichens). Hyphae/Mycelium = nutrient net. Aseptate = multinuclei. Septate = cross walls. CW = chitin. Store glycogen (like animals). Repro : Asexual = spores (conidia), budding, frag. Sexual = 1. Haploid hyphae fuse โ†’ 2. Dikaryotic stage (n+n) โ†’ 3. Diploid zygote in fruiting body โ†’ meiosis โ†’ spores Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) : 75% fungi. Conidia spores. Yeast, aspergillus, penicillium. Ergot (rye). Cladosporium = allergies. Sexual = asci in ascocarps โ†’ ascospores. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) : Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts. Septate hyphae. Basidia on gills โ†’ spores. Death cap = deadly toxin (RNA pol. blocker). Plants 98% biomass. Multicell. photo. euks. From charophyte algae (cellulose walls, apical growth). Plasmodesmata = cell channels. Store starch. 4 Major Plant Events - 1. Nonvascular (bryophytes): no lignin. Rhizoids. Dominant gametophyte. Sperm swims. ex. mosses, peat. 2. Seedless vascular: ferns, horsetails. Vascular tissues = size โ†‘ 3. Gymnosperms: naked seeds. Conifers (needle leaves, xylem = softwood, in taiga). 4. Angiosperms: flowering, fruit-bearing. Most diverse. Ovules enclosed. Cretaceous origin. Life Cycle = Alt. of Generations Diploid sporophyte โ†’ meiosis โ†’ spores โ†’ haploid gametophyte โ†’ gametes โ†’ zygote โ†’ sporophyte. Sporangia protect spores. Sporopollenin resists drying. โ€œDrive Straightโ€ = Diploid Sporophyte โ€œHigh Giraffeโ€ = Haploid Gametophyte. Nonvascular : Liverworts โ†’ mosses โ†’ hornworts. Moist habitats. Rhizoids. No true leaves. Spore via wind. Mosses : survive drought. Peat moss = COโ‚‚ buffer, global impact. Seedless Vascular : Lycophytes = club mosses. Rhizome w/ aerial stems. Microphyll leaves. Strobili = cones.