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Microbiology Q&A: Endosymbiosis, Microorganisms, and Viral Replication, Exams of Advanced Education

Virginia Union University (VUU)Advanced Education

This resource features microbiology questions and answers on endosymbiosis, cysts, microorganisms (euglenozoans, amoebozoans), fungal metabolism, and arthropod-borne diseases. It covers DNA replication, mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, conjugation, and transduction. Viral structures, replication, and cultivation are also explored. Ideal for microbiology, infectious disease, and molecular biology students, it offers a concise review for exam preparation. Its Q&A format simplifies complex topics, covering microbial structures to molecular processes, providing a foundation for further study. Examples and specific organisms enhance practical application, benefiting students and educators.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/05/2025

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BIOL 2230 Exam 2 Questions and
Answers
What role has endosymbiosis played in evolution? -
What are some distinguishing features of Protists? - - Highly diverse grouping of
eukaryotic organisms
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Autotrophs (algae) or Heterotrophs (protozoa)
- Motile or non-motile
- Cell walls or no cell walls
Most are harmless, but some cause disease
What are algae and protozoans? - PROTOZOANS:
-pathogens
- unicellular
- heterotrophic
- motile (flagella, cilia, psuedopods)
- 2 stages: trophozoite and cyst
- no cell walls
- some cause disease
ALGAE:
- autotrophic
- agar produced by red algae
- diatoms (oil comes from diatoms)
What are cysts and trophozoites? - Cyst- dormant, often transmitted
Trophozoite- active feeding state
What are the Archaezoans, Euglenozoans, Amoebozoans, and Alveolates? Examples?
- Archaezoans- Move by two or more flagella, have nonfunctional mitochondria
(mitosomes), anaerobic. Ex: Giardia, Trichomonas
Euglenozoans- large flagella strengthened by protein rod. Ex: Euglena, Trypanosoma
Amoebozoans- move by pseudopods. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba proteus
Alveolates- numerous water filled vesicles beneath the plasma membrane. Ex:
Paramecium, Plasmodium
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BIOL 2230 Exam 2 Questions and

Answers

What role has endosymbiosis played in evolution? - What are some distinguishing features of Protists? - - Highly diverse grouping of eukaryotic organisms

  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Autotrophs (algae) or Heterotrophs (protozoa)
  • Motile or non-motile
  • Cell walls or no cell walls Most are harmless, but some cause disease What are algae and protozoans? - PROTOZOANS:
  • pathogens
  • unicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • motile (flagella, cilia, psuedopods)
  • 2 stages: trophozoite and cyst
  • no cell walls
  • some cause disease ALGAE:
  • autotrophic
  • agar produced by red algae
  • diatoms (oil comes from diatoms) What are cysts and trophozoites? - Cyst- dormant, often transmitted Trophozoite- active feeding state What are the Archaezoans, Euglenozoans, Amoebozoans, and Alveolates? Examples?
  • Archaezoans- Move by two or more flagella, have nonfunctional mitochondria (mitosomes), anaerobic. Ex: Giardia, Trichomonas Euglenozoans- large flagella strengthened by protein rod. Ex: Euglena, Trypanosoma Amoebozoans- move by pseudopods. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba proteus Alveolates- numerous water filled vesicles beneath the plasma membrane. Ex: Paramecium, Plasmodium

What diseases are caused by Giardia, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba, and Plasmodium? - Giardia- fatty diarrhea Trichomonas- vaginitis Trypanosoma- sleeping sickness Entamoeba- dysentery (bloody diarrhea) Plasmodium- malaria How does Flagyl work? - It inhibits DNA synthesis What are diatoms? Importance? - Cell walls made of glass. When the diatom breaks, it falls to the floor of the ocean and that is where oil comes from. What are some distinguishing features of fungi? - - Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold)

  • Heterotrophic
  • Non-motile
  • Cell walls made of chitin
  • Decomposers
  • Some cause disease (mycosis) What are some metabolic features of fungi? - How do yeast reproduce? - By binary fission or budding How do molds reproduce? Sexual vs. asexual? - Asexually or sexually by means of spores What are hyphae? What are spores? - Hyphae- filaments of fungi cells Spores- a reproductive structure formed by fungi What are conidiospores? What are sporangiospores? - Conidiospores- exposed spores Sporangiospores- enclosed spores What is a mycosis? Examples? - A fungal disease (the fungus thinks you are the food source). Examples:

Scolex- the "head" of the worm Proglottid- a segment of the worm What are anticoagulants? How does Vermox work? - Anticoagulants are blood thinners. They prevent the blood from clotting. Vermox- blocks sugar absorption What are some arthropods involved with disease? - Flies and mosquitoes What are vectors? Biological vs mechanical? - Animals (usually arthropods) that carry pathogens and transmit disease. Biological- transmit pathogens that undergo a "life" event inside the vector (ex: mosquito) Mechanical- transmit pathogens that stick to their body parts (ex: housefly) What is a chromosome? What is a gene? - Chromosome- DNA that contains genes Gene- the region of a chromosome hat encodes the primary structure of a specific protein What are plasmids and why are they important? - They are additional single stranded loop chromosomes that contain genes How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA differ? - Prokaryotic- Closed loop, single chromosome EUkarotic- Linear, usually multiple chromosomes What is meant by genotype and phenotype? - Genotype- the genes and regulatory sequences in the genome Phenotype- the physical, metabolic, behavioral traits that result from the genotype What is the structure of DNA? Who discovered it? - A double helix Watson and Crick (and Rosalind Franklin) What is complementary base-pairing? - A-T C-G

What is meant by the term anti-parallel? - The two strands of DNA run from 5' to 3' then 3' to 5' How is DNA replicated? - The DNA unwinds, unzips, then begins the replication process What is the replication fork? Origin? - The point where the DNA starts to unzip What are Gyrase, Helicase, Polymerase, and Ligase enzymes? - Gyrase- unravels the chromosome Helicase- unwinds and unzips DNA Polymerase- synthesizes new DNA in a 5' to 3' direction Ligase- "glues" fragments made by lagging strand What is meant by leading and lagging strand? - Leading- strand that synthesizes in a 5' to 3' direction Lagging- strand that synthesizes in a 3' to 5' direction How does the antibiotic CIPRO work? - It inhibits DNA Gyrase, which prevents uncoiling and replication How do DNA and RNA differ? - DNA:

  • Double stranded
  • A, G, C, T
  • Deoxyribose RNA:
  • Single stranded (usually)
  • A, G, C, U
  • Ribose How is a gene transcribed? What is RNA polymerase? - RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at the promoter sequence and begins to unzip the gene. RNA polymerse synthesizes mRNA (messenger RNA) complementary to the template DNA. RNA polymerase falls off at the terminator sequence. RNA polymerase- binds to promoter sequence of a gene then unwinds and unzips the DNA, and synthesizes it in the 5' to 3' direction until it reaches the terminator sequence What are promoter and terminator sequences? - Promoter- site where RNA binds to DNA

Conjugation- DNA exchanged horizontally by means of a pilus Transduction- DNA exchange by means of a virus What is meant by a "component" cell? - Able to bring in DNA How are plasmids used in genetic engineering? - They are used to incorporate human genes into bacterial cells What are restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes? - Restriction- cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences Ligase- "glues" the gene into the plasmid What are "sticky ends"? - The ends after DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme What steps are used to introduce human genes into bacteria cells? - 1) Remove plasmids from bacteria

  1. Cut out "gene of interest" from DNA using restriction enzymes
  2. Incorporate gene of interest into plasmid using restriction enzyme and ligase
  3. Introduce recombinant plasmid back into bacteria cells via transformation
  4. Culture successful transformed cells using a marker gene
  5. Harvest product What are "marker" genes and why are they needed? - They are used to "mark" cells that have been genetically engineered. Ex: PGlo gene- encodes Green Fluorescent Protein What are methylases and methylation? Function? - Methylase- enzyme that attaches methyl group to a molecule Methylation protects against the restriction enzyme Who discovered viruses? How? - Dmitri Ivanovski by blending, filtering, and testing speimens that were infected with the tobacco mosaic disease Who was the first to see a virus? - Wendell Stanley (with an electron microscope) What is the structure of a virus? - Polyhedral or Helical or Complex

What are capsids and capsomeres? - Capsid- the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid Capsomere- a protein subunit of a viral capsid What are enveloped and non-enveloped viruses? Examples? - Enveloped- viruses that are surrounded by an outer lipid membrane Ex: HPV Non-enveloped- viruses that lack an outer lipid membrane. Ex: HIV, AIDS, Influenza What are the various types of viral genomes? - - DNA or RNA

  • Single stranded or double stranded
  • loops or linear
  • Simple or segmented What are simple and segmented genomes? Examples? - Simple- one piece of nucleic acid Segmented- multiple pieces of nucleic acid What are bacteriophage? - Viruses that infect bacteria What are the steps of the lytic replication cycle? - 1) Attachment
  1. Penetration
  2. Biosynthesis
  3. Maturation
  4. Release What occurs during each step of the lytic cycle? - Attachment- virus binds to surface of host cell Penetration- virus 'injects" its genome into host cell. Requires lysozyme and potential energy Biosynthesis- host cell produces viral components Maturation (also called assembly)- new virus assembled Release- viruses are released, host cell is lysed What role does lysozyme play in a viral infection? - It breaks down the peptidoglycan so the viral genome can be injected into the host cell What are the steps of the lysogenic replication cycle? - 1) Attachment and penetration
  5. Viral genome forms

Persistent - Host cells start producing viruses at very low levels at all times. May transition to acute at a later time. Ex: HIV, Hepatitis How do non-enveloped viruses exit host cells? - Through lysis, destroys host cell How do enveloped viruses exit host cells? - Through budding What is the source of the viral envelope? - Host cell membranes What are attachment proteins? - What are Hemagglutinin and Neuramindase? - Hemagglutinin- protein used for attachment Neuramindase- protein used for budding What are HIV, HPV, H1N1, and FeLV? - Retrovirus infections How do antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu work? - Neuramindase inhibitor prevents successful budding What is the DNA virus infection cycle? - What is meant by (+) sense and (-) sense RNA? - What are the RNA virus infection cycles? - What are the steps of a retrovirus infection cycle? Examples? - 1) Virus enters host cell

  1. Reverse transcriptase transcribes single stranded (ss) RNA into double stranded (ds) RNA
  2. ssRNA (viral) incorporates into the host chromosome
  3. Provirus may be used to produce new virus Ex: HIV, FIV, FeLV What is reverse transcriptase? - An RNA dependent DNA poymerase; an enzyme that synthesized a complementary DNA from an RNA template How are viruses cultivated in the laboratory? - Viruses must be cultured with host cells. Influenza virus can be cultured in chick embryos What is cancer? What is a tumor? - Tumor- uncontrolled, unregulated cell division

What are proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes? Functions? - Proto- oncogenes: encode proteins that turn ON cell division Tumor-suppressor genes: encode proteins that turn OFF cell division