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BIOL 2230 Lab Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Advanced Education

Virginia Union University (VUU)Advanced Education

BIOL 2230 Lab Final Exam Questions and Answers

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/05/2025

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BIOL 2230 Lab Final Exam Questions
and Answers
Scientific Method - Make Observations
Ask Questions
Form a Hypothesis
Collect Data
Controls: Positive and Negative
Draw logical Conclusions
Repeat experiments
Share your findings
Get Feedback
Revise hypotheses and statements
Form New questions, ideas, hypotheses, and experiments
Agar vs Broth - Agar allow organisms to be grown on top
Broth allows organisms to be grown within
What are the types of media? - Complex
Reducing
Enriched
Selective
Differential
Defined
Complex Media - Contains basic nutrients needed for growth of most bacteria and fungi
Reducing Media - Contains basic nutrients needed for growth of most bacteria, plus
ingredients which will react with and remove dissolved oxygen.
Used for growth of obligate anaerobes.
Most are incubated in an oxygen free environment.
Enriched Media - Contains basic nutrients for growth, plus special added ingredients
(ex: blood, vitamins, etc.).
Used for growth of fastidious (hard to grow) microorganisms.
Selective Media - Supports the growth of one type of medium and holds down the
growth of another.
Differential Media - Contain basic nutrients for growth, plus ingredients which allow for
visual discrimination between different types of microorganisms.
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BIOL 2230 Lab Final Exam Questions

and Answers

Scientific Method - Make Observations Ask Questions Form a Hypothesis Collect Data Controls: Positive and Negative Draw logical Conclusions Repeat experiments Share your findings Get Feedback Revise hypotheses and statements Form New questions, ideas, hypotheses, and experiments Agar vs Broth - Agar allow organisms to be grown on top Broth allows organisms to be grown within What are the types of media? - Complex Reducing Enriched Selective Differential Defined Complex Media - Contains basic nutrients needed for growth of most bacteria and fungi Reducing Media - Contains basic nutrients needed for growth of most bacteria, plus ingredients which will react with and remove dissolved oxygen. Used for growth of obligate anaerobes. Most are incubated in an oxygen free environment. Enriched Media - Contains basic nutrients for growth, plus special added ingredients (ex: blood, vitamins, etc.). Used for growth of fastidious (hard to grow) microorganisms. Selective Media - Supports the growth of one type of medium and holds down the growth of another. Differential Media - Contain basic nutrients for growth, plus ingredients which allow for visual discrimination between different types of microorganisms.

Defined Media - Contains exact, known amounts of all nutrients present. Capnophiles - Require extra carbon dioxide for optimal growth Anaerobe Jar - Used to grow fastidious organisms Example of Short-term Storage - Refrigeration Examples of Long-term Storage - Freezing Deep-freezing Freeze-drying (lyophilization) Measuring Bacterial Growth - Live cell count: Plate count Filtration Metabolic activity:

  • production of wastes
  • use of food source Total cell count: Visual examination Electron cell counter Turbidity (less light = more cells) Dry-weight (dehydrate and weigh) Do serial dilutions count total cells or live cells? - Live cells only Do direct microscopic counts count total cells or live cells? - Total cells. Live and dead. Do electron cell counters count total cells or live cells? - Total cells. Live and dead. Does turbidity count total cells or live cells? - Total cells. Live and dead. Does membrane filtration count total cells or live cells? - Live cells only. Sterilization - The removal or destruction of ALL live microorganisms including endospores Disinfection - The removal, destruction, or inhibition of MOST live microorganisms Antisepsis - Disinfection of living tissues Disinfectant - Chemical used to kill, remove, or inhibit the growth of MOST microorganisms

Does NOT require stain. Live specimen can be viewed. Phase Contrast Microscope - Allows for improved visualization of internal details. Does NOT require stain. Live specimen may be viewed. Fluorescence Microscope - Uses an ultraviolet light source and fluorescent stains known fluorochromes. Transmission Electron Microscope - Internal details are clearly visible. Only dead specimen may be viewed. Scanning Electron Microscopes - Detailed three-dimensional views of the specimen's surface are visible. Only dead specimen may be viewed. What classifies a fungi? - Classified by (mold) reproductive spore formation. Examples:

  • Candida Albicans: yeast like at 37°C and mold like at 25°C
  • Penicillium: Exposed asexual spores. Rarely causes infection (in the immunosuppressed). Grows best at 25°C
  • Aspergillus: Exposed asexual spores. Causes allergies and opportunistic lung infections (farmer's lung). What classifies a protozoa? - Classified based on motility. Exmples: Amoeba Proteus Entamoeba histolytica Giardia Lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Plasmodium Amoeba Proteus - Common environmental amoeba with no clinical significance. Forms pseudopods. Looks similar to brain eating amoebas: Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. Entamoeba Histolytica - Causes amoebic dysentery (bloody diarrhea).

Forms pseudopods. Has trophozoite and cyst stages

  • Trohozoite: mobile and feeding stage. Nucleus shaped like target.
  • Cyst: small, round, has 2 nuclei Giardia Lamblia - Causes fatty diarrhea. From drinking contaminated water. Flagellated Has trophozoite and cyst stages
  • Trophozoite: 2 nuclei. Flagella not always visible. Looks like an alien face.
  • Cyst: Oblong. 2 nuclei. Very small. Trichomonas Vaginalis - Causes vaginal infections, and less often urethral infections in males. Flagellated. Sexually transmitted. Plasmodium species - Looks like dark dots, bands, or rings INSIDE RED BLOOD CELLS. Nonmotile adult. Causes malaria. What classifies helminths? - Classified based on shape. They're worms. Examples: Taenia species Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia species - Tapeworms Use hooks (scolex) and suction cup-like structures for attachment. Flatworm Ascaris lumbricoides - Most common global human worm infection.

What is the primary stain, decolorizer/ rinse, and counterstain of endospore stain? - Primary Stain: Malachite Green Decolorizer/ Rinse: Water Counterstain: Safranin What is the primary stain, decolorizer, and counterstain of Gram stain? - Primary Stain: Crystal Violet Mordant: Gram's Iodine Decolorizer: Acetone-Alcohol Counterstain: Safranin What is a mordant? - It forms a complex with the cell MacConkey Agar - Grows Gram Negative bacteria Allows testing for the ability to ferment lactose. Turns PINK if it does ferment lactose Citrate Agar - Used on Gram Negative organisms after the MacConkey Agar. Blue= Positive Green= Negative What causes inhibition of cell wall synthesis? - Penicillin What causes inhibition of protein synthesis? - Tetracycline What causes disruption of cell membrane function? - Antifungal medications What causes inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis? - Cipro What causes interference with enzyme function (competitive inhibition)? - Sulfa drugs Catalase Test - Used to distinguish staphylococcus species from other Gram (+) cocci AFTER Gram staining. Bubbles = staph Coagulase Test - Only performed on Gram (+) cocci which have already been determined to be catalase + Staph aureus produces coagulase Staph epidermidis does NOT produce coagulase Mannitol Salt Agar - Staph will grow on this agar.

Strep will not. It cannot grow in the salt. Yellow = ferments mannitol Pink = does NOT ferment mannitol What are the different types of blood agar hemolysis? - Alpha hemolysis = green ring around colony Beta hemolysis = clear ring around colony Gamma hemolysis = no hemolysis Examples of Antibody-based detection tests which detect antibodies - HIV blood screening test

  • detects HIV-specific antibodies in blood Lyme disease test
  • detects antibodies specific for Borrelia burgdorferi in blood Examples of Antibody-based detection tests which detect antigens - Quick strep tests
  • detect streptococcus pyogenes cell wall antigens from throat swabs Quick flu tests
  • detect Influenza A virus core substances in nasal swabs Home pregnancy tests
  • detect human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in urine What colors do Gram positive and Gram negative cells stain? - Gram (+) stains purple Gram (-) stains pink