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BIOL 2457 EXAM #1 REVIEW 2025|QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS |A+ GRADED
Neurons vs neuroglial cells Neurons are excitable cells that transmit information, while neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. Muscle tissue (types) locations Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs. Functions of muscle tissues (types) Skeletal muscle enables movement, cardiac muscle pumps blood, and smooth muscle aids in the movement of substances through hollow organs. Epithelial shapes and layers nomenclature Epithelial cells can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, and are classified as simple (single layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
Epithelium Locations Epithelial tissue lines the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body. Epithelium functions Epithelial tissue functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation. Connective Tissue Locations Connective tissue is found throughout the body, including tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin. Connective Tissue Functions Connective tissue provides support, connects and separates tissues and organs, and stores energy. Proteins/fibers and cells in Connective Tissue
Primary and Secondary Active Transport Primary active transport uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, while secondary active transport couples movement to an ion's gradient. Passive Transport Passive transport allows the movement of molecules across the membrane without the input of energy, including diffusion and osmosis. Functions of Organelles Organelles perform various functions within the cell, such as energy production (mitochondria) and protein synthesis (ribosomes). Structures of the Nucleus The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA), nucleolus, and nuclear envelope, controlling cell activities.
Cell Junctions - types Cell junctions include tight junctions (prevent leakage), gap junctions (allow communication), and desmosomes (provide mechanical stability). Types of solutions - Hypo/Hyper/Isotonic Hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentration, hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentration, and isotonic solutions have equal solute concentration compared to the cell. Electrochemical Gradients Electrochemical gradients are created by the combined forces of an ion's concentration gradient and the membrane potential. Main parts of the Cell The main parts of the cell include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and the nucleus.
Functions of the Macromolecules Macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids serve as energy sources, structural components, and genetic material. The elements found in the body/cells The body/cells contain elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, essential for biological molecules. ATP - Structure/function/ etc... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, storing and transferring energy for cellular processes. Acids/Bases from image - know what liquids are acidic or basic or neutral Acidic liquids have a low pH, basic liquids have a high pH, and neutral liquids have a pH of 7, as indicated on the pH scale. Acid/Bases and the H+ or -OH
Acids release H+ ions in solution, lowering pH, while bases release OH- ions, raising pH, affecting the acidity or basicity of a solution. Regional Terminology and know which organs are in the regions Regional terminology includes terms like dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal, indicating the location of organs within the body. Positive and Negative Feedback Loops - understand the concept and identify them Positive feedback loops amplify changes, while negative feedback loops counteract changes, maintaining homeostasis in biological systems. Understanding Homeostasis Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain internal stability by adjusting physiological processes in response to environmental changes. Directional Terminology
Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while physiology studies the functions and interactions of these parts in living organisms. Types of Connective Tissues of skin The skin contains loose connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and adipose tissue, providing support and insulation. Types of skin receptors and what they detect and where they are found Skin receptors include mechanoreceptors (detect pressure), thermoreceptors (detect temperature), and nociceptors (detect pain), located throughout the skin. Glands of the skin - where they are located and what they secrete The skin contains sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine) that secrete sweat, and sebaceous glands that secrete sebum, located in the dermis. Functions of the skin
The skin functions as a barrier against pathogens, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors for touch, pressure, and pain. What factors attribute to skin color Skin color is influenced by melanin production, hemoglobin content, and carotene accumulation in the skin. Layer of the epidermis - Think vs Thick skin The epidermis consists of the thin stratum corneum, and the thick skin of the palms and soles has an additional stratum lucidum. How are fingerprints are formed or dermal ridges Fingerprints are formed by the dermal papillae, creating unique patterns due to genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. Cell types found in the dermis and epidermis
