BIOL 320 Exam 2 (Actual Exam 2025) | All Questions and Correct Answers | Already Graded A+, Exams of Biology

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BIOL 320 Exam 2 (Actual Exam 2025 ) | All

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What can blood loss and rapid heartbeat lead to? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------lower stroke volume What effect does CO2 have on blood pH? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- lowers blood pH By how many weeks is the heart fully formed during pregnancy? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------5 weeks (35 days) What is the purpose of the foramen oval in fetus hearts? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------bypass pulmonary circuit What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in fetus hearts? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------backup pulmonary circuit

What is a ventricular septal defect? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------more blood is shunted from left to right because of lack of interventricular septum What is a coarctation of the aorta? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------part of aorta is narrowed, increasing workload of left ventricle What is the tetralogy of Fallot? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pulmonary trunk too narrow and pulmonary valve stenosed, hypertrophied right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, aorta opens from both ventricles What does it mean that all cardiac cells are amitotic? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------dead cells are replaced with scar tissue What region of the adrenal gland releases aldosterone? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------zona glomerulosa What is the indirect renal mechanism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- hormonal

What are the risks of atherosclerosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------heart attack, stroke What is the purpose of elastic arteries? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- allows large pulse, smooth flow What is the purpose of muscular arteries? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- vasoconstriction/dilate to control where blood goes How is pressure related between tissues and lymphatic vessels? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pressure in tissues higher so fluid goes into lymphatic vessels What are the types of arteries and veins, from aorta to vena cava? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, small veins, large veins Which layer of blood vessels contain muscle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---tunica media

What system controls the tunica media? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- sympathetic nervous system What is the tunica intima made of? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- endothelium What is the tunica externa made of? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- collagen fibers What does an elastic artery do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------takes out the bounding pulse What does a muscular artery do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- vasoconstriction limits flow to inactive tissues How many capillaries are there per capillary bed? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- --------- 10 - 100

How is mean arterial pressure maintained? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- vasoconstriction and vasodilation Where are chemoreceptors located? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------aorta and carotid artery What stimulates the chemoreceptors to function? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------low oxygen, high carbon dioxide When is the renin-angiotensin mechanism active? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------when BP is low What does the renin-angiotensin mechanism do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------causes resorption of Na+ What do beta blockers do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dilate blood vessles

What are two types of high blood pressure medication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------beta blockers, diuretics What is angiogenesis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------formation of new blood vessels due to high altitude or occluded coronary vessel How does flow relate in skeletal muscles? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- blood flow increased directly with tissue activity What controls skeletal muscle blood flow? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- local controls override systemic controls When do precapillary sphincters constrict? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- oxygen, nutrients and pH increase When do precapillary sphincters relax? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- metabolic byproducts and carbon dioxide increase What occurs in cerebral vessels due to decreases in mean arterial pressure? ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------vessels vasodilate

What are intercalated disks? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------specialized cell to cell contact What is the functional syncytium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------all cardiac muscle acts as a single unit electrically What causes the plateau phase in a heart's action potential? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------calcium What is the rate of the SA node? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 70 - 75 bpm What is the delay of the AV node and why? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 1/10 a second allows for both atria to contract What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic ANS? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------norepinephrine

What is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic ANS? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------acetylcholine What is the Bainbridge reflex? (atrial reflex) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------

• Heart rate increases when blood volume increases How does thyroxin affect heart rate? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- longer, slower HR What can cause an arrhythmia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------nicotine, caffeine What is fibrillation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------rapid irregular uncoordinated contraction (no blood movement) What is arrhythmia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------irregular, uncoordinated heartbeat What is ectopic focus? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------abnormal pacemaker forms, non-nodal variable effects

What is afterload? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------weight of leftover blood on semilunar valve What does the mesoderm produce? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- endothelial lining What are the three fetal shunts? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus When do new vessels form? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------during body growth Where is blood most of the time? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------systemic veins and venules (60%) What is hypotension? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------low BP What is circulatory shock? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------low blood volume that cannot circulate normally

What makes up lymph? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------water, plasma, cells What is the purpose of leaky capillaries? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- allows solvent transfer and good nutrients out of cell What three ways is lymph pumped? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, breathing Where does lymph travel? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------capillaries, collecting vessels, lymph nodes, trunks, ducts, subclavian veins What do lymph nodes do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------filter lymph What is the vessel that feeds the aorta? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- vasa vasorum Where are the concentrations of lymph nodes? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------inguinal, axillary, cervical

What do adaptive defenses do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------third line of defense, fight against specific substances What are surface barriers? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------skin, stomach, vagina, tears, saliva, GI and respiratory tract What do eosinophils protect against? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- parasites What do neutrophils protect against? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- bacteria (phagocytosis) What must occur in order for phagocytosis to occur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------adherence What is the function of natural killer cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells What are the five cardinal signs of injury? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- redness, heat, swelling, pain, impairment of function

What are the benefits of inflammation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, enhances tissue repair What do interferons do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------activate macrophages and warn of viral attack What are the functions of adaptive defenses? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---immobilize and neutralize/destroy, amplify inflammatory response, activates complement What are the "self" identifying parts on cells called? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------MHC I What are antigenic determinants? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------where antibodies and lymphocyte receptors bind What are antigens? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------things that make you sick and provoke immune response