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BIOL || 331 || MIDTERM || EXAM|| WITH||
PRECISE|| DETAILED || ANSWERS
fertilization || - || Correct || answer || ✔fusion || of || gametes || pronuclei cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔rapid || mitotic || divisions || after || fertilization || that || leads || to || blastula || formation gastrulation || - || Correct || answer || ✔cell || rearrangements || provide || three || germ || layers, || endoderm, || mesoderm, || and || ectoderm induction || and || organogenesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔produce || tissues || and || organs holoblastic || cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || type || of || cleavage || in || which || there || is || complete || division || of || the || egg, || as || in || eggs || having || little || yolk || (sea || urchin) || or || a || moderate || amount || of || yolk || (frog). Isolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔Sparse, || evenly || distributed || yolk radial || cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔echinoderms, || amphioxus Mesolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔moderate || vegetal || yolk || disposition, || yolk || is || strongly || concentrated || in || one || hemisphere, || yolk || of || intermediate || size
meroblastic || - || Correct || answer || ✔incomplete || cleavage, || amount || of || yolk || is || significant || still || found || at || the || vegetal || pole vegetal || pole || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || you || have || a || concentration || of || yolk || or || yolk || distribution animal || pole || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || cell || division || is || happening discoidal || cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔fish, || reptiles, || birds telolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔Dense || yolk || throughout || most || of || the || cell Centrolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔yolk || in || center || of || egg invagination || - || Correct || answer || ✔Infolding || of || a || sheet || (epithelium) || of || cells, || much || like || the || indention || of || a || soft || rubber || ball || when || it || is || poked || eg. || sea || urchin || endoderm involution || - || Correct || answer || ✔inward || movement || of || an || expanding || outer || layer || so || that || it || spreads || over || the || internal || surface || of || the || remaining || external || cells || eg. || amphibian || mesoderm ingression || - || Correct || answer || ✔Migration || of || individual || cells || from || the || surface || layer || into || the || interior || of || the || embryo. || individual || cells || become || mesenchymal ||
Nieuwkoop || center || - || Correct || answer || ✔key || region || in || embryogenesis || that || helps || to || determine || cell || types, || contributes || to || the || process || of || cell || differentiation Spemann-Mangold || organizer || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || group || of || cells || essential || for || the || proper || formation || of || body || and || proper || conservation || of || embryogenesis Neurulation || - || Correct || answer || ✔formation || of || the || neural || tube Neurula || - || Correct || answer || ✔refers || to || an || embryo || when || it || reaches || the || neurulation || stage Thalidomide || - || Correct || answer || ✔taken || to || treat || nausea || during || pregnancy || but || cause || birth || defects || by || affecting || limb || development || of || the || fetus Tail || (flagellum) || (sperm) || - || Correct || answer || ✔movement || propelled || by || axoneme, || two || central || microtubules || surrounded || by || nine || doublets || of || microtubules || (microtubules || are || made || of || tubulin) dynein || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || ATPase, || that || acts || as || the || motor || propelling || the || sperm || (ATP || comes || from || the || mitochondria || in || the || midpiece) haploid || nucleus || (sperm) || - || Correct || answer || ✔DNA || highly || compressed || and || nucleus || streamlined acrosome || - || Correct || answer || ✔stores || enzymes || to || digest || a || path || through || the || egg || covering
Egg || jelly || coat || - || Correct || answer || ✔surrounds || the || egg || and || vitelline || envelope vitelline || envelope || - || Correct || answer || ✔surround || the || whole || egg || plasma || membrane eggs || - || Correct || answer || ✔largest || known || cells, || that || have || maternal || loaded || stores || of || building || blocks || for || development: || nutritive || proteins, || ribosome || and || tRNA, || mRNAs. || Morphogenetic || factors(molecules || that || direct || differentiation) || transcription || factors, || paracrine || factors || and || protective || chemicals:UV || filters vitelline || envelope || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || sea || urchins, || the || ______________ || is || essential || for || species-specific || recognition || by || sperm. || It || has || key || role || in || the || formation || of || the || fertilization || envelope || which || encases || the || fertilizing || embryo. cortex || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || the || outer || cytoplasm || layer, || found || just || under || the || cell || membrane || and || houses || cortical || granules, || polysaccharides || and || actin || (in || microvilli)which || all || play || a || key || role || in || egg || activation zona || pellucida || - || Correct || answer || ✔found || in || mammalian || eggs, || it || is || a || thick || extracellular || matrix || that || forms || the || outer || layer cumulus || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || layer || of || cells, || made || from || the || remains || of || ovarian || follicular || cells || that || nurtured || the || egg, || that || surrounds || the || eggs || and || provides || necessary || nutrients || for || the || egg.
Resact || (sperm || attractant) || from || egg || binds || to || the || receptor || (RGC). || RGC || converts || GTP || to || cGMP. || Sperm || specific || Calcium || channels || allow || calcium || influx. || The || influx || activates || sperm || motility. || The || increase || in || cGMP || is || correlated || to || the || influx || of || calcium. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Sperm || chemotaxis || in || the || sea || urchin True || - || Correct || answer || ✔True || or || False: Acrosomal || reaction || is || species || specific || in || sea || urchins True || - || Correct || answer || ✔True || or || False: Binding || of || egg || jelly || polysaccharides || to || receptors || on || sperm || is || species- || specific False || - || Correct || answer || ✔True || or || False: Intracellular || Calcium || increase || does || not || appear || to || be || required || for || acrosome || reaction the || contact || of || sperm || with || the || egg || jelly || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || triggers || acrosome || reaction || in || sea || urchins? Contact || of || sperm || with || egg || jelly || triggers || acrosome || reaction. || Vesicles || release || proteolytic || enzymes || and || proteasomes || that || digest || a || path || towards || the || egg || surface. || The || acrosomal || process || extends || by || assembling || actin || to || form || microfilaments. || It || then || binds || to || the || vitelline || envelope || to || stabilize || sperm || at || surface. || The || binding || to || the || egg || is || mediated || by || bindin || protein. || - || Correct || answer || ✔acrosome || reaction || in || sea || urchin
True || - || Correct || answer || ✔True || or || False: The || last || step || of || acrosome || process, || the || binding || to || the || vitelline || envelope || is || also || species || specific bindin || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || protein || on || the || acrosomal || process || of || sea || urchin || sperm || that || mediates || the || species || specific || recognition || between || the || sperm || and || egg || vitelline || envelope || during || fertilization. || they || bind || to || and || clump || species || specific || eggs. fusogenic || protein || - || Correct || answer || ✔protein || that || facilitates || the || process || of || fusing || two || phospholipid || membranes fertilization || cone || - || Correct || answer || ✔formed || by || the || polymerization || of || actin || in || the || egg || after || sperm-egg || fusion, || helps || sperm || enter
- || sperm || nucleus || and || centriole || separate || from || mitochondria || and || flagellum
- || sperm || centriole || organizes || microtubules || into || an || aster || together || with || egg || microtubules || to || form || centrosomes || necessary || for || migration || of || pronuclei
- || female || and || male || pronuclei || fuse || to || form || diploid || nucleus || - || Correct || answer || ✔fusion || of || nuclei fast || block || and || slow || block || - || Correct || answer || ✔Two || mechanisms || for || prevention || of || polyspermy polyspermy || - || Correct || answer || ✔fertilization || by || more || than || one || sperm
cortical || granule || serine || protease || (CGSP) || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || enzyme || that || cleaves || the || structural || proteins || linking || the || vitelline || envelope || to || the || cell || memembrane || and || also || cleave || bindin || receptors Mucopolysaccharides || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || osmotic || gradient || forms, || water || enters || and || swells || the || space || between || the || vitelline || envelope || and || the || cell || membrane Enzyme || Udx1 || - || Correct || answer || ✔catalyzes || the || formation || of || hydrogen || peroxide(H2O2), || the || substrate || for || soluble || ovoperoxidase || (OVOP). || OVOP || and || transglutaminases || (TG) || harden || the || vitelline || envelope || and || stabilizes || it. hyalin || - || Correct || answer || ✔protein || released || from || cortical || granules || that || form || a || gel || like || layer || (hyaline) || which || provides || support || during || the || early || cleavage || stages || for || the || adhesion || and || proper || orientation || of || blastomeres. || provides || additional || support. c) || Sperm || release || the || acrosome || vesicle || enzymes || to || digest || the || egg || jelly || - || Correct || answer || ✔There || are || numerous || steps || by || which || sperm-egg || recognition || and || fertilization || is || kept || species || specific.What || of || the || following || is || NOT || species || specific: a)Sperm || respond || to || a || sperm-activating || peptide b) || A || polysaccharide || in || the || egg || jelly || activates || the || acrosome || reaction || c)Sperm || release || the || acrosome || vesicle || enzymes || to || digest || the || egg || jelly d)None || of || the || above
IP3 || binds || to || the || IP3 || receptor || (Calcium || channel) || which || results || in || a || release || of || calcium || from || the || endoplasmic || reticulum. || Calcium || results || in || the || fusion || of || cortical || granules || with || the || egg || plasma || membrane. || Cortical || granules || undergo || exocytosis || to || release || CGSP || that || cleaves || the || structural || protein || linking || the || vitelline || envelope || to || the || cell || membrane || and || also || cleaves || bindin || receptors. || Mucopolysaccharides || are || also || release || to || form || an || osmotic || gradient || which || causes || water || to || enter || and || swell || the || space || between || the || vitelline || envelope || and || the || cell || membrane. || Enzyme || Udx1 || is || also || released || to || catalyze || the || formation || of || H2O2, || substrate || for || OVOP. || OVOP || and || transglutaminases || (TG) || harden || and || stabilize || the || vitelline || envelope. || Hyalin || is || also || released || to || form || a || gel || like || layer, || the || hyaline || layer || which || provides || support || during || early || cleavage || stages || for || the || adhesion || and || proper || orientation || of || blastomeres. || - || Correct || answer || ✔slow || block || to || polyspermy the || amount || of || yolk || and || factors || in || the || cytoplasm || that || affect || the || angle || of || cleavage, || symmetry || and || timing || - || Correct || answer || ✔Pattern || of || embryonic || cleavage || is || often || unique || to || each || species || determined || by: embryo || volume || stays || constant || but || cell || number || increases, || division || is || radial || holoblastic; || furrow || extends || through || the || entire || egg || (little || yolk || present), || rate || of || cell || division || is || unusually || rapid || because || gap || phases || are || skipped || - || Correct || answer || ✔sea || urchin || cleavage mesomeres, || macromeres, || micromeres || - || Correct || answer || ✔sea || urchin || embryo || divides || evenly || until || the || 8-cell || stage, || then || animal || half || consists || larger || cells || called || ___________ || and || vegetal || half || consist || of || larger || _____________ || and || smaller ||
primary || mesenchyme || cells || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || large || micromeres || in || sea || urchins || give || rise || to primordial || germ || cells || - || Correct || answer || ✔small || micromeres || in || sea || urchins || give || rise || to Totipotency || - || Correct || answer || ✔ability || of || a || single || cell || to || divide || and || produce || differentiated || cells || in || an || organism pluripotency || - || Correct || answer || ✔potential || to || differentiate || into || any || of || the || three || germ || layers True || - || Correct || answer || ✔True || or || False: By || the || 60-cell || stage || most || of || the || cell || fates || are || specified || but || they || are || not || locked || in c)Fusion || of || sperm || activates || a || kinase || that || in || turn || activates || phospholipase || C, || triggering || IP3 || production || and || the || release || of || Ca2+ || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || calcium || wave || sweeps || across || the || egg || beginning || at || the || site || of || sperm-egg || fusion. || This || is || because: a)Fusion || tears || a || hole || in || the || egg || membrane, || allowing || external || Ca2+ || to || flow || into || the || cell b)Fusion || pushes || on || the || cytoskeleton || which || in || turn || physically || opens || a || Ca+channel || in || the || membrane c)Fusion || of || sperm || activates || a || kinase || that || in || turn || activates || phospholipase || C, || triggering || IP3 || production || and || the || release || of || Ca2+
d)Fusion || from || endoplasmic || reticulum || from || the || sperm || with || that || of || the || egg || releases || stored || Ca2+ || from || the || ER b) || 4 || cell || stage || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || fertilized || egg || is || totipotent || -it || has || the || potential || to || form || all || differentiated || cells || of || an || organism. || Which || of || the || stages || above || have || similar || potential? a)None, || only || the || fertilized || egg || is || totipotent b)4 || cell || stage c)8 || cell || and || 16 || cell || stage d)32 || cell || stage asymmetric || cell || division || - || Correct || answer || ✔each || daughter || cell || inherits || different || proteins/ || mRNAs autonomous || specification || - || Correct || answer || ✔developing || cell || is || able || to || differentiare || without || receiving || external || signals. || The || four || larger || micromeres || inherit || cues || deposited || in || the || egg || that || become || concentrated || in || micromeres || at || fourth || cleavage. || They || form || the || primary || skeletogenic || mesenchyme || cells conditional || specification || - || Correct || answer || ✔influenced || by || surrounding || environment || or || surrounding || cells,Fates || of || neighboring || tissues || are || induced || by || the || presence || of || the || micromeres || that || secrete || paracrine || and || juxtacrine || factors. || Cells || above || micromeres || are || induced || to || become || the || endomesoderm || (endoderm || and || secondary || mesenchyme)
There || will || be || too || much || endoderm || and || mesoderm. || Thus, || there || will || be || a || ball || of || endomesoderm. || - || Correct || answer || ✔what || happens || when || there || is || an || increase || in || B-catenin || leading || to || nuclear || localization? If || the || Wnt || signal || is || present, || Wnt || binds || to || frizzled/LRP5/6 || which || activates || disheveled || which || inhibits || the || formation || of || the || GSK || 3 || complex || with || B- catenin. || This || results || in || the || nuclear || localization || of || B-catenin || which || acts || as || a || co-activator || of || the || transcription || factor || and || triggers || micromeres/ || endoderm || lineages || and || gastrulation. || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || the || wnt || signal || transduction || pathway, || what || happens || when || wnt || is || present? If || Wnt || is || not || present, || frizzled || and || disheveled || is || not || activated. || Thus, || the || GSK || 3 || complex || is || formed || which || B-catenin || binds || to || and || B-catenin || undergoes || proteosomal || degradation || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || the || wnt || signal || transduction || pathway, || what || happens || when || wnt || is || not || present? a || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || would || happen || to || a || developing || sea || urchin || embryo || if || β-catenin || nuclear || localization || was || no || longer || isolated || to || the || vegetalend || (i.e. β || -catenin || nuclear || localization || took || place || in || the || animal || hemisphere || as || well)? a) || LiCl || could || be || blocking || GSK3 || from || forming || the || protease || complex; this || results || in || β || - || catenin || nuclear || localization || along || the || entire || embryo || to || form || a || ball || of || endodermal || cells b)β- || catenin || nuclear || localization would || induce || micromere || formation at || both || the || animal || and || vegetal || poles c)LiCl || could || be || blocking || GSK3 || from || binding || to || dsh; || this || results || in || β- || catenin || degradation || along || the || entire || embryo || to || form || a || ball || of || endodermal || cells
d)β-catenin || at || the || nucleus || will || act || as || a || transcription || factor || to || induce || certain || gene || expression; || this || will || result || in || the || formation || of || a || ciliated || ectodermal || ball || of || cells unequal || holoblastic || cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔cleavage || that || Xenopus || undergoes Morula || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || 16 || to || 64 || cell || stage || in || Xenopus || cleavage Blastula || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 128 || cell || stage || of || Xenopus animal || half || - || Correct || answer || ✔Where || does || fertilization || occur || in || the || Xenopus? Point || of || sperm || entry || - || Correct || answer || ✔what || plays || a || key || role || in || setting || up || the || dorsal-ventral || polarity || in || Xenopus? || it || marks || the || ventral || (belly) || side || of || the || embryo || and || 180 || degrees || opposite || is || the || dorsal || (spinal || side) cortical || rotation || - || Correct || answer || ✔when || the || outer || cytoplasm || (cortical || cytoplasm) || in || the || animal || half || is || pigmented, || sperm || makes || contact || with || the || egg || where || you || have || your || point || of || sperm || entry. || A || rotation || (30 || degrees) || happens || toward || the || point || of || sperm || entry. || With || that || rotation, || we || observe || our || pigmented || cortical || cytoplasm || where || there || is || a || region || with || overlap || of || clear || vegetal || cortical || cytoplasm || with || inner || animal || cytoplasm || and || that || region || is || your || grey || crescent.
blastodisc || - || Correct || answer || ✔small || disc || of || cytoplasm || in || chick || where || cell || cleavage || is || restricted || to, || where || cell || division || takes || place. || 2-3mm || in || diameter || and || found || at || the || animal || pole. discoidal || meroblastic || cleavage || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || kind || of || cleavage || do || chicks || have? area || pellucida || - || Correct || answer || ✔cells || deep || in || the || center || of || the || blastoderm || are || shed || and || die, || leaving || a || 1-cell || thick || epiblast || that || forms || most || of || the || embryo area || opaca || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || peripheral || ring || of || cells || that || have || not || shed || their || deep || cells marginal || zone || - || Correct || answer || ✔between || area || pellucida || and || area || opaca telolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔small || disc || of || cytoplasm || (blastodisc) || sitting || on || yolk epiblast || - || Correct || answer || ✔outer || upper || layer || of || blastoderm || forms || embryo hypoblast || - || Correct || answer || ✔lower || layer || of || blastoderm || (forms || extra- embryonic || tissues):
- || some || cells || delaminate || from || epiblast || (primary || hypoblast)
- || some || cells || migrate || in || from || yolk || (secondary || hypoblast)
marginal || zone || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || are || epiblast || and || hypoblast || join? blastocoel || - || Correct || answer || ✔space || between || epiblast || and || hypoblast c || - || Correct || answer || ✔Frog || and || chick || embryos || are || both || commonly || used || and || well || understood || models || of || embryonic || development. || What || is || the || major || difference || between || their || patterns || of || cleavage? a) || Cleavage || in || frog || embryos || is || isolecithal || whereas || it || is || telolecithal || in || chick || embryos b) || Yolk || in || frog || embryos || is || evenly || distributed || and || cleavage || is || therefore || holoblastic || whereas || yolk || in || chick || embryos || is || uneven || and || therefore || cleavage || is || meroblastic c) || Cleavage || is || holoblastic || in || the || mesolecithal || frog || egg || whereas || cleavage || is || meroblastic || in || the || telolecithal || chicken || egg d) || Cleavage || is || inhibited || by || the || presence || of || yolk || in || both || frog || and || chick || embryos || and || therefore || is || meroblastic || in || both isolecithal || (sparse || yolk, || evenly || distributed) || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || kind || of || egg || type || does || sea || urchin || have? mesolecithal || (moderate || yolk) || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || kind || of || egg || type || does || xenopus || have? Telolecithal || - || Correct || answer || ✔What || kind || of || egg || type || does || chick || have?
