Download Cell Biology: Structure, Function, and Membrane Dynamics and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOL|| 331 || Midterm|| exam|| with||
precise|| detailed|| solutions
Define || a || cell -composition -capabilities? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Structural, || functional || and || biological || unit || of || all || organisms -consists || of || complex || and || organized || molecules || as || well || as || molecules || working || together -can || make || exact || copies || and || self-correct What || is || common || between || all || cell || types || - || Correct || answer || ✔All || made || of || the || same || biochemicals || that || differentiated || into || different || cells || with || different || function Features || needed || to || make || a || cell || (4) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Plasma || membrane || - || separates || internal || and || external || environment Genome || (nucleus) || - || codes || for || cellar || structures Info || transfer || - || express || info || stored || in || code || Energy || utilization || - || build || more || complex || components 4 || biochemicals || present || in || a || cell || - || Correct || answer || ✔Lipids, || proteins, || DNA/RNA, || carbohydrate
Three || cell || types || evolved || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bacteria || and || archea || (prokaryotes), || eukaryotes Prokaryote -nucleus -diameter -organelles -DNA || content -chromosomes || - || Correct || answer || ✔Absent 1 || um Absent Less || than || eukaryotes || single || circular || DNA || molecule Eukaryote -nucleus -diameter -organelles -DNA || content -chromosomes || - || Correct || answer || ✔Present 10-100 || um Present More || than || prokaryotes
Note: || the || rip || with || seal, || not || seal || to || separate || membranes || since || water || would || enter || the || gaps Location || of || carbohydrates || on || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Attached || to || lipids || in || bilayer || and || also || the || proteins What || types || of || interactions || hold || membranes || together? || - || Correct || answer || ✔NON-COVALENT -ionic -H-bonds -VDW -hydrophobic || effect Roles || of || cell || membranes || (4) || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Receptor || proteins || in || membrane || allow || cell || to || receive || signals || from || environment
- || Mediates || recognition || between || adjacent || cells
- || Flexibility || - || can || change || shape, || grow, || move
- || Transport || proteins || allow || import/export || of || biomolecules Types || of || lipids || in || the || membrane || (3) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Glycerol Sphingosine Cholesterol 3 || main || components || of || glycerophospholipids || - || Correct || answer || ✔Polar || head || group || attached || via || phosphoester || linkage || (hydrophilic)
2 || nonpolar || alkyl || chains || (hydrophobic) Glycerol || backbone Saturated || - || Correct || answer || ✔Only || single || bonds || C-C Unsaturated What || kind || of || bend? || Why? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Contains || one || (monounsaturated) || or || more || (polyunsaturated) || double || bonds || C=C -cis-120 || degree || bend || in || chain || creating || a || kink -critical || for || flexibility || and || fluidity || of || membrane Head || group: || Choline -name || of || glycerophospholipid -abbreviation -charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔Phosphatidylcholine PC neutral Head || group: || Ethanolamine -name || of || glycerophospholipid -abbreviation -charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔Phosphatidylethanolamine ||
Name || of || sphingolipid || when || polar || head || group || is || "H" || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ceramide Name || of || sphingolipid || when || polar || head || group || is || "phosphocholine" || - || Correct || answer || ✔Sphingomyelin || (SM) ||
- || major || component || of || myeline || sheaths || surrounding || nerve || cells X=choline Myelin || sheaths || - || Correct || answer || ✔Insulates || nerve || cell || from || surrounding || environment -increases || velocity || at || which || impulses || travel || along || axon || -high || lipid || content Name || of || sphingolipid || when || polar || head || group || is || a || sugar || "glycosphinglipid" || - || Correct || answer || ✔One || sugar: || cerebroside More || than || one || sugar: || ganglioside -found || in || cell || surfaces || and || plat || a || role || in || cell || recognition How || does || cholesterol || fit || into || bilayer? || - || Correct || answer || ✔It || fits || into || one || leaflet Why || is || cholesterol || present || in || membranes?
-abbreviation || - || Correct || answer || ✔Serves || to || rigidify || membranes || -concentration || ranges -amphipathic || abbreviated || as || Cl Why || are || membrane || lipids || asymmetrical? || (3) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Inner || and || outer || leaflets || have || different || compositions Provides || different || physicochemical || properties || appropriate || for || different || interactions Membrane || lipids || move || easily || within || a || leaflet || but || rarely || flip-flip What || is || the || charge || of || the || cytoplasmic || leaflet || of || plasma || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Negative || charge Floppase || - || Correct || answer || ✔Keeps || most || PC, || SM, || and || Cl || in || exoplasmic || leaflet Flippase || - || Correct || answer || ✔Keeps || most || PS, || PE || and || PI || in || cytoplasmic || leaflet Scramblase || - || Correct || answer || ✔Disrupt || membrane || asymmetry || by || randomizing || phospholipids
4 || factors || influencing || fluidity || of || lipid || bilayers || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Temperature
- || Acyl || chain || length
- || Acyl || chain || saturation
- || Cholesterol || content How || does || temperature || affect || fluidity? -what || interactions || assist || with || this? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bilayers || are || more || fluid || at || high || temperatures || due || to || "melting" || of || lipid-lipid || interactions VDW: || if || temperature || is || increased, || then || there || is || more || more || VDW || interactions || between || tails || (have || to || be || close || but || not || too || close) Transition || temperature || (Tm) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Temperature || at || which || phase || transition || occurs || -is || dependent || upon || the || lipids || present || in || the || bilayer How || does || acyl || chain || length || affect || fluidity? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bilayers || made || up || of || lipids || containing || fatty || acids || with || long || chains || are || LESS || fluid || (more || VDW || interactions || = || more || energy || required || to || break) Bilayers || made || of || lipids || containing || fatty || acids || with || short || chains || are || MORE || fluid
Melting || point || and || chain || length || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || longer || the || chain, || the || greater || the || number || of || VDW || forces || and || the || greater || the || energy || required || to || break || them || apart, || and || therefore || the || higher || the || melting || point How || does || acyl || chain || saturation || affect || fluidity? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bilayers || made || of || lipids || containing || saturated || fatty || acids || with || long || chains || are || LESS || fluid Bilayers || made || of || lipids || containing || unsaturated || fatty || acids || with || shorter || chains || are || MORE || fluid Melting || point || and || saturation || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || more || saturation || (double || bonds) || the || lower || the || melting || point || since || the || bilayer || is || less || fluid || and || has || less || interactions Structure || of || acyl || chains || with || double || bonds? result || of || this? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Unsaturated || bonds || create || "kinks" || which || are || a || cis || 120 || degree || bend || Disrupts || the || packing, || gives || less || VDW || interactions, || and || takes || less || energy || to || break How || does || cholesterol || affect || fluidity?
Maintaining || membrane || fluidity || when || temperature || changes || in || an || example || of || what? What || examples? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Homeostasis ie. || Desaturase || enzymes || can || form || C=C || bonds || in || acyl || chains || to || make || it || more || fluid || (decrease || temp=solid=more || double || bonds=prevent || packing=kink=not || fluid) ie. || Phospholipases || can || reshuffle || fatty || acid || chains 3 || different || groups || of || amino || acid || based || on || their || R || groups: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Hydrophobic
- || Hydrophilic || and || neutral || at || a || pH || of || 7. Hydrophilic || and || neutral || at || a || pH || of || 7. Hydrophobic || amino || acids || (9) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Avery || Very || Much || Liked || Favouring || Wizards || In || Power Hydrophilic || and || neutral || amino || acids || (7) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Snape || Hated || Questions || That || Young || Cornelius || Narrated Hydrophilic || and || charged || amino || acids || (4) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Death || Eaters || Killed || Remus
How || are || amino || acids || joined || in || a || protein? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Joined || covalently || together || via || a || peptide || bond Role || of || proteins || in || cell || membranes? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Proteins || carry || out || most || of || the || specific || functions || of || a || membrane -Lipid:protein || ratio || varies || depending || on || membrane || and || cell || type -Membrane || proteins || cans || vary || between || different || membranes || or || cell || types || which || relate || to || function || of || membrane 3 || types || of || membrane || proteins || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Integral || membrane || protein
- || Peripheral || membrane || protein
- || Lipid-anchored || membrane || protein What || kind || of || charge || do || proteins || have || in || cytosolic || leaflet? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Proteins || have || a || greater || proportion || of || positive || amino || acids || in || the || cytosolic || leaflet || which || are || attached || to || negative || lipid || non-covalently || (ionic) -proteins || can || also || be || glycosylated || in || exoplasmic || leaflet Integral || membrane || protein || (transmembrane || protein) || types || - || Correct || answer || ✔Single || pass Multiple || pass Where || are || hydrophilic || and || hydrophobic || amino || acids || found || in || IMPs? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hydrophobic || amino || acids || are || in || transmembrane || portion
-Can || come || and || go || depending || on || needs || of || cell Note: || Does || not || sit || in || bilayer || - || only || interacts || with || bilayer What || type || of || amino || acids || will || likely || be || found || in || PMP? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hydrophilic || amino || acids || - || sitting || in || polar || hydrophilic || environments Functions || of || PMPs || (4) || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || When || associated || with || cytosolic || leaflet: || form || fibrillar || network || that || act || as || membrane || skeleton || -mechanical || support -function || as || anchor || for || IMP
- || Enzymes
- || Specialized || coats
- || Factors || that || transmit || transmembrane || signals Role || of || PMP || in || RBC || - || Correct || answer || ✔Allow || RBC || to || be || deformable, || durable || and || capable || or || withstanding || shearing || forces Example || of || PMP: || RBC -Spectrin
-Ankyrin || - || Correct || answer || ✔Spectrin: || Heterodimer || - || made || of || alpha || and || beta || which || are || attached || NC || to || ankyrin -organize || into || hexagonal || arrays -linked || to || actin || and || tropomyesin Ankyrin: || Attached || NC || to || IMP || called || band || 3 || (channel) Lipid-anchored || membrane || proteins || - || Correct || answer || ✔Covalently || bonded || to || lipid || group || residing || within || membrane || -does || not || go || through || entire || bilayer What || do || lipid-anchored || membrane || proteins || attached || to || in || each || leaflet? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Cytoplasmic || layer: || Attached || to || fatty || acid || or || phenyl || group || (long || hydrocarbon || chain || built || from || 5-carbon || isoprenoid || unit) Exoplasmic || layer: || Attached || via || glysosidic || linkage || tp || PI GPI-anchored || protein || - || Correct || answer || ✔GPI=glycosylphosphatidylinositol -PI || with || a || sugar || attached Functions || of || lipid-anchored || membrane || proteins || (4) || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Receptors
Active || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔Requires || a || source || of || energy -depends || on || membrane || proteins || that || act || as || pumps || to || move || substances || against || their || concentration || gradient || (low || conc->high || conc) Simple || diffusion || through || bilayer -requirements -substances || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || difference || in || concentration -Nonelectrolyte || substances || can || move || through || membrane || easily || (no || charge) -The || smaller || the || molecule, || the || quicker || the || diffusion || through || the || membrane Hypotonic || solution || - || Correct || answer || ✔Low || solute || concentration || so || water || moves || in || cell || and || it || swells Hypertonic || solution || - || Correct || answer || ✔High || solute || concentration || in || solution || so || water || moves || out || of || cell || and || into || solution || and || cell || shrinks Isotonic || - || Correct || answer || ✔No || net || water || loss || or || gain, || equilibirum What || are || empty || cell || membranes || called? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ghosts, || the || cell || lysed Simple || diffusion || through || protein || channel || in || bilayer || -requirement
-type || of || protein -type || of || substances || - || Correct || answer || ✔Must || be || a || difference || in || concentration -protein || channels || are || IMP || known || as || ion || channels -for || charged || substances || like || small || ions Concentrations || of || Na+ || and || K+ || in || extracellular || and || intracellular || concentrations || - || Correct || answer || ✔Extracellular: || Na+ || is || high || and || K+ || is || low Intracellular: || Na+ || is || low || and || K+ || is || high Diffusion || facilitated || by || protein || transporters -requirements -type || of || protein -conformational || change || - || Correct || answer || ✔Must || be || a || difference || in || concentration -Protein || channels || are || IMP || known || as || facilitative || transporters || (uniporters) -binding || of || solute || on || one || side || of || membrane || triggers || a || conformational || change || in || protein || which || exposes || the || solute || to || the || other || surface || of || the || membrane || where || it || diffuses || down || its || concentration || gradient Glucose || transporter || - || Correct || answer || ✔Glucose || transporter || opens || in || response || to || glucose, || then || the || other || side || opens || to || let || glucose || out || and || the || other || side || closes. || Then || the || transporter || is || empty || and || goes || through || recovery || which || prevents || glucose || from || moving || back || out || where || it || came || from Properties || of || uniporters || (3) || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Specific
