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BIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEY, Exams of Biology

Wayland Baptist University (WBU)Biology

BIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEY/BIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEYBIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEYBIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEYBIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEYBIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEYBIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWE

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Unit 2 The Living World: Biodiversity AP Exam Review!
Levels&of&Biodiversity&
1)!Define!Genetic!Diversity.!Genetic!variation!among!individuals!of!a!population!
2)!Define!Species!Diversity.!The!number!of!species!in!a!region!
3)!Define!Ecosystem!Diversity.!Measure!of!the!diversity!of!ecosystems!that!exist!in!a!given!region!
4)!Describe!how!the!picture!to!the!left!relates!to!genetic!and!species!
diversity.! !
This!shows!how!the!drastic!reduction!in!the!number!of!a!population!
can!lead!to!the!loss!of!genetic!diversity.!
The!Bottleneck!Effect!
!
!
!
!
!
Specialist&vs&Generalist&Species&
5)!Compare!a!specialist!to!a!generalist!species.!Give!an!example!of!each!type!of!species.!
Specialist:!Organisms!that!have!a!narrow!range!of!tolerance.!They!have!very!specific!needs.!!
Examples:!Koala,!Panda,!Coral!Reefs!
Generalists:!Organisms!that!have!a!wide!range!of!tolerance.!They!can!use!a!variety!of!resources.!
Example:!Racoon,!Humans,!Coyotes!
6)!Is!a!generalist!or!specialist!more!likely!to!survive!in!a!changing!environment?!Explain.!
Generalist!because!they!can!adapt!to!use!a!variety!of!resources!and!live!in!a!wide!range!of!habitats.!
7)!Match!the!following:!
a. generalist!species! ! ! Zebra!mussel! !C!
b. specialist!species! ! ! Galapagos!tortoise!!!!F!
c. invasive!species! ! ! American!Alligator!!!!D!
d. keystone!species! ! ! Tiger!salamander!!!!!!E!
e. indicator!species! ! ! Norway!rat! A!
f. endemic!Species! ! ! Giant!Panda!! B!
!
Species&Richness&and&Relative&Abundance&
8)!Define!Species!Richness.!How!is!it!calculated?!
The!number!of!species!in!a!given!area.!
9)!Define!Relative!abundance.!How!is!it!calculated?!
The!number!of!individuals!per!species.!!
10)!What!do!these!two!things!reveal!about!an!ecosystem?!Why?!
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Download BIOL 3411 Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review ANSWER KEY and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Unit 2 The Living World: Biodiversity AP Exam Review

Levels of Biodiversity

  1. Define Genetic Diversity. Genetic variation among individuals of a population
  2. Define Species Diversity. The number of species in a region
  3. Define Ecosystem Diversity. Measure of the diversity of ecosystems that exist in a given region
  4. Describe how the picture to the left relates to genetic and species diversity. This shows how the drastic reduction in the number of a population can lead to the loss of genetic diversity. The Bottleneck Effect Specialist vs Generalist Species
  5. Compare a specialist to a generalist species. Give an example of each type of species. Specialist: Organisms that have a narrow range of tolerance. They have very specific needs. Examples: Koala, Panda, Coral Reefs Generalists: Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance. They can use a variety of resources. Example: Racoon, Humans, Coyotes
  6. Is a generalist or specialist more likely to survive in a changing environment? Explain. Generalist because they can adapt to use a variety of resources and live in a wide range of habitats.
  7. Match the following: a. generalist species Zebra mussel C b. specialist species Galapagos tortoise F c. invasive species American Alligator D d. keystone species Tiger salamander E e. indicator species Norway rat A f. endemic Species Giant Panda B Species Richness and Relative Abundance
  8. Define Species Richness. How is it calculated? The number of species in a given area.
  9. Define Relative abundance. How is it calculated? The number of individuals per species.
  10. What do these two things reveal about an ecosystem? Why?

This will reveal the biodiversity of species diversity in an ecosystem. It shows the number of species in an ecosystem as well as how many individuals of these species exist in the ecosystem. Ecosystem Services

  1. Fill in the chart below on the different types of ecosystem services Service Type Define Give a Real World Example Provisioning Goods produced by the ecosystem lumber, crops, rubber, medicine Regulating Natural ecosystems help to regulate environmental conditions Forest as carbon sinks Cultural Cultural and aesthetic benefits National parks Supporting Provide a service that would be costly to humans to generate Pollination
  2. Complete the following table: Ecosystem Component Ecosystem Services honey bee Pollination water cycle Clean drinking water forest Carbon sink bat Pollination, pest control bacteria Decomposition coral reef Medicine, tourism, fish production wetland Flood control Anthropogenic Effects on Ecosystem Services
  3. Describe 5 ways that humans have disrupted ecosystem services on earth: a) Deforestation has led to cutting down and releasing excess amounts of carbon back into the atmosphere leading to climate change. b) Pesticides have led to the reduction in the bee population which has decreased rates of pollination. c) Clearing wetlands have led to less flood control and more damage from storm systems. d) Bottom trawling has led to the destruction of coral reefs which provide habitats for fish and other species. e) Overuse of water and draining aquifers, water can’t replenish quickly enough to keep up with demand Island Biogeography Theory
  4. Two islands, different distances from the mainland have different rates of extinction, this is explained by the theory of island biogeography
  5. Describe the trends observed in the image to the right.

Ecological Succession: Primary vs Secondary

  1. Compare and contrast primary to secondary succession. Give examples of each. Primary: occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. Example: After eruption of volcano Secondary: a previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community. Example: After forest fire
  2. Define pioneer community. Made of all the living organisms that occupy an area undergoing primary succession in the beginning stages.
  3. Define climax community. The final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.
  4. What type of succession is illustrated above? How can you tell? Primary Succession. This is because the ecosystem starts with bare rock. Species: Indicator and Keystone Species
  5. Define a keystone species. Give at least two examples. This species is crucial to keep the ecosystem in balance. Example: Otter, Wolf
  6. Define an indicator species. Give at least two examples. Species that can be used to infer the ecosystem health. Example: Tiger Salamander, Golden Toad Sample FRQ’s
  7. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, has become a topic of great concern among conservationists. Biodiversity is often used by scientists and policy makers to help determine the health of ecosystems. (a) Describe TWO characteristics shared by ecosystems that have high biodiversity.

(b) Identify TWO specific human activities that result in a loss of biodiversity, and explain how each activity lowers biodiversity. (c) For each human activity you discussed in (b), propose a practical strategy (other than simply banning the activity) to reduce the loss of biodiversity.

(ii) Reduced winter mortality of beetle larvae is likely a consequence of global climate change. Describe TWO ways that the activities of the beetles might enhance climate change. (b) The widespread death of trees leads to a series of changes in a forest ecosystem. Identify TWO physical changes that occur in the forest ecosystem as the result of the death of mature trees. For each physical change you identify, describe an impact of that change on the forest ecosystem.

(c) As the article states, the number of managed honeybee colonies has dropped significantly over the past few decades. Describe TWO specific economic consequences of the collapse of the managed honeybee colonies. d) Pollination by native insects is considered an ecosystem service. Identify a different ecosystem service and explain how that service benefits human society.

How Long Will Human Impacts Last? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsc8G0NnMTs A Threat of Invasive Species: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spTWwqVP_2s Mrs. Campbell’s APES Range of Tolerance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo9bJVx6iyI Island Biogeography: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_C4QWy_pI Fuse School Generalist vs Specialist Species : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bswS-Ooe4iQ California Academy of Science Ecosystem Services: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCH1Gre3Mg HHMI BioInteractive Keystone Species: Some Animals are More Equal Than Others: Trophic Cascades https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRGg5it5FMI Crash Course

Ecological Succession: Change is Good Crash Course Ecology #6:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZKIHe2LDP8&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX&index=

Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain Crash Course Ecology #7:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3KGM&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX&index=

Khan Academy Ecological Succession: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7xbyNSxxrI&list=PLbjyLFA2XFZyvLJTz-oWEUURQtwnf32eP&index= Barron’s Review Chapters, 7th^ Edition Chapter 4: Ecosystems (Pg 91) Chapter 5: Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Pg 145) Chapter 7: Land and Water Use, Forest Fires (Pg 213-213) Unit 2 The Living World: Biodiversity Vocabulary

species richness : The number of different species in a community.

Relative abundance: The number of how many individuals are present for each species.

Ecology : study of living organisms in their nonliving world

Biotic factor : living item (ex: bacteria)

Abiotic factor: not living item (ex: rock)

Ecosystem service: the many and varied benefits to humans gifted by the natural environment and from healthy

ecosystems.

Ecological Hierarchy: species population community ecosystem biome biosphere

Population : a group of individuals of the same species

Community: a group of populations interacting together

Ecosystem : a group of communities interacting together

Biosphere: another name for earth

Natural Selection : survival of the fittest

Salinity: level of salt in the water

Brackish: medium levels of salinity. Often occurs in wetlands where salt and fresh water mix.

Gaia hypothesis: organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic self-regulating,

complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet

Range of Tolerance: range of environmental conditions that are tolerable for survival in a species

Ecological footprint: a measure of human impact on Earth's ecosystems. It's typically measured in area of wilderness or

amount of natural capital consumed each year.

Primary Succession : community change that occurs with new land formation: lichen moss small shrubs small trees

large trees climax community

Secondary Succession : community change that occurs with land already formed.

Bottleneck Effect: cut down of genetic diversity due to loss of individuals in a population.

Non-native species: a species that is not known historically in an area. Ex: cane toads in Australia

Species diversity: a count of how many species are in an area.

Ecotone : a transitional zone between two communities. Ex: intertidal zone.

Niche : an organism’s job in a community.

Hybrid : the offspring of two different species.

Lichen: a symbiotic relationship of a fungus and an algae

Germination: sprouting of a seed

Competitive Exclusion Principle: species with the same niche in the same area cannot coexist

Keystone Species: often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases

overall diversity. Ex: sea otter

Predation: the preying of one animal on others.

Mimicry: the close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate

object