Download BIOLOGY 1000 LECTURE EXAM 2 Qs&As MACOMB COMMUNITY COLLEGE and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOLOGY 1000 LECTURE EXAM 2 Qs&As MACOMB COMMUNITY COLLEGE
nutrient - ANS-✔✔Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning.
Omnivore - ANS-✔✔An animal that eats both plants and animals.
Herbivore - ANS-✔✔A consumer that eats only plants.
Carnivore - ANS-✔✔A consumer that eats only animals.
Peristalsis - ANS-✔✔Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
Enzyme - ANS-✔✔A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
Villi - ANS-✔✔Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
Bile - ANS-✔✔A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.
feces - ANS-✔✔solid wastes; stool
List the functions of a digestive tract. - ANS-✔✔Ingests food
Breaks food down into small molecules that can cross plasma membranes.
Absorbs nutrient molecules
Eliminates undigestible remains
Distinguish between incomplete and complete digestive tracts. - ANS-✔✔Incomplete digestive tract- Has a single opening EX: Planarian
Complete digestive tract-Has two openings EX: Earth worms
Describe adaptations to diet. - ANS-✔✔-Dentition differs with mode of nutrition. Omnivores, Herbivores, Carnivores.
Describe the basic structures of the human digestive tract. - ANS-✔✔Complete digestive tract-begins with a mouth and ends with an anus.
Digestion is entirely extracellular.
Digestive enzymes are secreted by the wall of the digestive tract and accessory glands.
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
The small intestine
Large intestine
Accessory organs
Describe what happens to a mouthful of food as it passes from the mouth the the anus along the human digestive tract. - ANS-✔✔The mouth mixes chewed food with saliva and forms mixture into bolus. The esophagus moves food to stomach by peristalsis. In the stomach, food mixing with gastric juices become chyme. Chyme from stomach enters the duodenum, Chyme mixes with secretions from the liver and pancreas. Pancreas and epithelial cells produce digestive enzymes, completing the process of food digestion in the small intestine. Large intestines stores undigestible material until it is eliminated at the anus.
List the digestive enzymes, where they are secreted, and their action. - ANS-✔✔Pepsin
List the six types of nutrients and their role health. - ANS-✔✔Carbohydrates- All sugars are converted to glucose. Glucose is the preferred direct energy source in cells.
Fiber-Soluble fiber combines with bile acids and cholesterol in the small intestine and prevents them from being absorbed.
Lipids-Cholesterol can be synthesized by the body.
Proteins- 9 essential amino acids are required in the diet.
Vitamins-Organic compound the body is unable to produce but are required for metabolic purposes.
Minerals-The body needs about 20 elements for various physiological functions.
open circulatory system - ANS-✔✔A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
closed circulatory system - ANS-✔✔A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
interstitial fluid - ANS-✔✔fluid between cells
artery - ANS-✔✔A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Arteriole - ANS-✔✔the smallest kind of artery
capillary - ANS-✔✔A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.
venule - ANS-✔✔small vein
Veins - ANS-✔✔Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
lymphatic system - ANS-✔✔Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
lymph - ANS-✔✔watery fluid
Plasma - ANS-✔✔Liquid part of blood
Erythrocytes - ANS-✔✔red blood cells
Leukocytes - ANS-✔✔white blood cells
immunity - ANS-✔✔(n.) resistance to disease; freedom from some charge or obligation
atrium - ANS-✔✔upper chamber of the heart
Ventricle - ANS-✔✔lower chamber of the heart
pulmonary circulation - ANS-✔✔flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
systemic circulation - ANS-✔✔circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
Diastole - ANS-✔✔relaxation
Systole - ANS-✔✔contraction
Vertebrate heart- Atria of heart receive blood from general circulation. Ventricles of heart pump blood out through blood vessels.
Vertebrate vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Trace a drop of blood through the heart - ANS-✔✔superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
body
Explain how the heart beat originates and how the rate and rhythm are controlled. - ANS-✔✔Systole- contraction of heart chamber and diastole is the relaxation of the heart chamber. Two-part pumping action that takes about a second.
The pulse is a wave affect passing down the walls of the arterial blood vessels when the aorta expands and recoils falling ventricular systole.
Rhythmic contraction of the heart is due to cardiac conduction system.
Sinoatrial node keeps the heart beat regular.
Atrioventricular node signals ventricles to contract.
Describe the two major vascular pathways. - ANS-✔✔Pulmonary circuit- Takes oxygen poor blood to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Systemic circuit-Takes oxygen rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body and returns oxygen poor blood to the heart through the venae cavae.
List the components of blood. - ANS-✔✔red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
State the function of each of the three kinds of blood cells. - ANS-✔✔RBC-Remove carbon dioxide.
WBC-Important in inflammatory response.
Platelets-Involved in blood clotting.
Explain how the exchange of materials and gases occurs in the capillaries. - ANS-✔✔Water exits a capillary near the arterial end, water enters a capillary near the venous end.
Solutes diffuse into and out of a capillary according to their concentration gradient.
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of capillaries, carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse into the capillaries.
Describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system. - ANS-✔✔Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs. One-way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries. Take up excess tissue fluid.
tracheae - ANS-✔✔tiny tubes in insect body that deliver oxygen directly to metabolizing tissues
Lungs - ANS-✔✔Main organs of the respiratory system
alveolus - ANS-✔✔air sac in the lung
Hemoglobin - ANS-✔✔An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Describe the different ways in which animals respire and give an example of each. - ANS-✔✔
Compare the problems and solutions of respiring in aquatic environments vs. terrestrial environments. - ANS-✔✔Aquatic animals expand more energy to breath than do terrestrial animals.
Describe the structure of the human respiratory system. - ANS-✔✔Air passes from the pharynx through the glottis.
Larynx and trachea- permanently held open by cartilage rings. Facilitates movement of air.
When food is swallowed the larynx rises and the glottis is closed by the epiglottis.
Backward movement of the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages into the pharynx.
Trachea divides-forms two primary bronchi. Bronchi enters the right and left lung. Bronchi branch until their is a great number of bronchioles.
(Diaphragm is also part of the respiratory system.)
Describe the mechanics of breathing. - ANS-✔✔-Inspiration in mammals
Creation of negative pressure in lungs
The rib cage is elevated
The diaphragm contracts and lowers
Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
-Expiration in mammals
Creation of positive pressure in lungs
The rib cage is lowered
The diaphragm rises
Thoracic pressure increases to more than atmospheric pressure
Forces air out the lungs
All terrestrial vertebrates, with the exception of birds, utilize a tidal ventilation mechanism for breathing
The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain, Sends out impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles of the rib cage so that inspiration occurs, When the respiratory center stops sending neuronal signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage, expiration occurs.
Explain gas exchange and transport. - ANS-✔✔Partial pressure- The amount of pressure exerted by a gas, Gases diffuse from areas of higher to lower partial pressure
Ventilation causes the alveoli to have a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide than the blood in the pulmonary capillaries,This accounts for the exchange of gases in the lungs, The opposite occurs in the tissues of the body.
Homeostasis - ANS-✔✔A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Excretion - ANS-✔✔Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
Describe organs of excretion in animals. - ANS-✔✔The kidney- Primary excretory organs that eliminate waste products in the form of urine.
The liver- Produce bile, through which it exerts cholesterol, drugs, and steroid hormones.
The lungs- Help to remove water vapor and carbon dioxide by means of exhalation and diffusion.
The skin- Excrete perspiration. Foreign elements are also excreted in the hair and nails.
Describe and state the function of the urinary system in humans. - ANS-✔✔Eliminates waster (urea, uric acid), regulates electrolytes balance, control blood volume, pressure and PH, synthesis of some substances. Removes soluble waste products from blood. Controls blood pressure. Regulates water retention or water loss from body.
Describe the structure of the human nephron. - ANS-✔✔Looks like a tiny funnel with a very long stem. Stem is quite unusual in that it is highly convoluted. (has many bends in it.)
Outline the basic steps in the formation of urine by the kidney. - ANS-✔✔Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Describe the way In which hormones help the kidneys maintain water-salt balance. - ANS-✔✔Filter waste and water from the blood, producing urine.
CNS - ANS-✔✔central nervous system
PNS - ANS-✔✔peripheral nervous system
Neuron - ANS-✔✔a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Interneurons - ANS-✔✔neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
afferent (sensory) neurons - ANS-✔✔carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord
motor (efferent) neurons - ANS-✔✔neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Dendrites - ANS-✔✔Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
cell body - ANS-✔✔Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm
Axon - ANS-✔✔the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Myelin - ANS-✔✔A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
action potential - ANS-✔✔a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Synapse - ANS-✔✔the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters - ANS-✔✔chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
brain - ANS-✔✔The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system
ANS: Sympathetic - ANS-✔✔fight or flight
Causes widespread, long lasting mobilization of fight or flight response
"Thoracolumbar"
Receptor - ANS-✔✔protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
List some trends in the evolution of the nervous system. - ANS-✔✔Different degrees of cephalization and specialization.
Invertebrate nervous systems range from simple collections of nerve cells to complex organization.
Vertebrates show a high degree of cephalization and have highly developed nervous systems.
State the unique properties of neurons. - ANS-✔✔Transmit information through out the body. Nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms.
List the three different kinds of neurons according to structure. - ANS-✔✔Unipolar neurons lack dendrites and have a single axon, and are also sensory neurons. Multipolar neurons have many processes and serve principally as motor neurons. Bipolar neurons and pseudo unipolar.
Describe the structure of a neuron and the direction of nerve impulse conduction. - ANS-✔✔
Describe the electrochemical events that result In an action potential. - ANS-✔✔Graded depolarization brings an area of excitable membrane to threshold.
Voltage gated sodium channels open and sodium ions move into the cell. The transmembrane potential rises.
sodium channels close, voltage gated potassium channels open, and potassium ions move out of the cell.
Potassium channels close, and both sodium and potassium channels return to their normal state.
Explain how a nerve impulse can travel along a sequence of neurons. - ANS-✔✔Dendrite, cell body, axon.
State the role of neurotransmitters - ANS-✔✔Chemical substance produced by a neuron that carries a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, organs or other tissue.
List the two components of the CNS. - ANS-✔✔Brain and spinal cord.
State the function of the spinal cord. - ANS-✔✔Processes reflexes.
It is the site for integration of EPSP and IPSP.
It is a conduction pathway for sensory and Motor nerve impulse.
State the main parts of the brain and state their functions. - ANS-✔✔Cerebrum- Largest part of the brain. Composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision, and hearing, as well as speech.
cerebellum-
brainstem-
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. - ANS-✔✔Dual origin. The posterior lobe is part of the brain, it derives from a down growth of hypothalamic tissue and maintains its neural connection with the hypothalamus via nerve bundle called the hypothetic hypophyseal tract.
List the parts of a reflex arc and state its significance. - ANS-✔✔Receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, and effector. It bypasses the brain for a quick response.
List the structures of the ANS and its role in everyday functioning and emergencies. - ANS-✔✔Heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arouse.
Describe how Taste and smell are accomplished in humans. - ANS-✔✔The partial lobe.
Describe the structures of the human eye and state how they function. - ANS-✔✔
Describe the structures of the human ear and state their functions pertaining to hearing. - ANS-✔✔
Explain how the ear plays a role in maintaining balance. - ANS-✔✔
