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Biology 112 Exam 1 Latest Update
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systematics ✔✔an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and evolutionary relationships of an organism, both present day and extinct
biodiversity ✔✔variety of organisms and the ecosystems they form
taxonomy ✔✔ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences
classification ✔✔grouping organisms by their similarites or relationships
phylogeny ✔✔1. evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor; 2. classifcations based on common ancestors; 3. based on structural, behavioral, molecular, and other similarites
clade ✔✔group with a common ancestor; taxa are monophyletic
Linneus ✔✔"Father of modern technology" who developed binomial nomenclature
binomial nomenclature ✔✔genus name + specific epither
three domais ✔✔Archaea, Eubactera, Eukarya
Archaea ✔✔lack simple RNA polymerase
Eubacteria ✔✔peptidoglycan in cell walls
Eukarya ✔✔eukaryotes
6 kingdoms ✔✔bacteria, archaea, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
bacteria kingdom ✔✔autotrophs and heterotrophs
archaea kingdom ✔✔extremophiles
genetic drift ✔✔random changes in allele frequencies in small populations, decreases genetic variation in population, changes usually not adaptive
bottleneck effect ✔✔sudden decrease in size of a population cause by adverse environmental factors
founder ✔✔genetic drift that occurs when a small population colonizes a new area
adaptive radiation ✔✔a population becomes reductively isolated, separated gene pools diverge, geneic flow stops
polyploidy ✔✔extra sets of chromoomes due to accidents during cell division
vestigial structures ✔✔remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism's ancestors
major points of neo-Darwinism ✔✔A. genetic variation among individuals ina populations B. populations tend to produce more offspring that will usually survive. C. offspring compete for limited resources D. suvival of the fittest E. environment selects best fit
role of mutations in evolution ✔✔occur spontaneously
examples of microevolution ✔✔sickle cell, antibiotic resistance
allopatric speciation ✔✔geographically separated populations, most common form of speciation
sympatric speciation ✔✔new species evolves within the same geographic region as parental species
Hardy-Weinberg principle ✔✔Allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation in a population at genetic equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg principle only applies if ✔✔mating is random in population • no net mutations change allele frequencies • population is large • individuals don't migrate between populations
- natural selection does not occur
stabilizing selection ✔✔favors the mean over genotypic extremes
