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Biology 112 Exam 1 Study Guide: Key Concepts and Definitions, Exams of Biology

A comprehensive overview of key concepts and definitions relevant to biology 112 exam 1. It covers topics such as systematics, biodiversity, taxonomy, classification, phylogeny, clades, linneus's contributions, binomial nomenclature, the three domains of life, the six kingdoms, homology, analogy, natural selection, genetic drift, adaptive radiation, polyploidy, vestigial structures, neo-darwinism, microevolution, speciation, the hardy-weinberg principle, and various types of selection. It also includes explanations of bacteriophages and prophages.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/10/2024

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Biology 112 Exam 1 Latest Update
Graded A+
systematics ✔✔an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and evolutionary
relationships of an organism, both present day and extinct
biodiversity ✔✔variety of organisms and the ecosystems they form
taxonomy ✔✔ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used
to assess similarities and differences
classification ✔✔grouping organisms by their similarites or relationships
phylogeny ✔✔1. evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor; 2.
classifcations based on common ancestors; 3. based on structural, behavioral, molecular, and
other similarites
clade ✔✔group with a common ancestor; taxa are monophyletic
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Biology 112 Exam 1 Latest Update

Graded A+

systematics ✔✔an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and evolutionary relationships of an organism, both present day and extinct

biodiversity ✔✔variety of organisms and the ecosystems they form

taxonomy ✔✔ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences

classification ✔✔grouping organisms by their similarites or relationships

phylogeny ✔✔1. evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor; 2. classifcations based on common ancestors; 3. based on structural, behavioral, molecular, and other similarites

clade ✔✔group with a common ancestor; taxa are monophyletic

Linneus ✔✔"Father of modern technology" who developed binomial nomenclature

binomial nomenclature ✔✔genus name + specific epither

three domais ✔✔Archaea, Eubactera, Eukarya

Archaea ✔✔lack simple RNA polymerase

Eubacteria ✔✔peptidoglycan in cell walls

Eukarya ✔✔eukaryotes

6 kingdoms ✔✔bacteria, archaea, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

bacteria kingdom ✔✔autotrophs and heterotrophs

archaea kingdom ✔✔extremophiles

genetic drift ✔✔random changes in allele frequencies in small populations, decreases genetic variation in population, changes usually not adaptive

bottleneck effect ✔✔sudden decrease in size of a population cause by adverse environmental factors

founder ✔✔genetic drift that occurs when a small population colonizes a new area

adaptive radiation ✔✔a population becomes reductively isolated, separated gene pools diverge, geneic flow stops

polyploidy ✔✔extra sets of chromoomes due to accidents during cell division

vestigial structures ✔✔remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism's ancestors

major points of neo-Darwinism ✔✔A. genetic variation among individuals ina populations B. populations tend to produce more offspring that will usually survive. C. offspring compete for limited resources D. suvival of the fittest E. environment selects best fit

role of mutations in evolution ✔✔occur spontaneously

examples of microevolution ✔✔sickle cell, antibiotic resistance

allopatric speciation ✔✔geographically separated populations, most common form of speciation

sympatric speciation ✔✔new species evolves within the same geographic region as parental species

Hardy-Weinberg principle ✔✔Allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation in a population at genetic equilibrium

Hardy-Weinberg principle only applies if ✔✔mating is random in population • no net mutations change allele frequencies • population is large • individuals don't migrate between populations

  • natural selection does not occur

stabilizing selection ✔✔favors the mean over genotypic extremes