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Biology 112 Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with Verified Solutions
Thomas Malthus is best known for his idea that ✔✔more offspring are produced in any generation than can possibly survive
A theory, to a scientist is ✔✔an overarching body of knowledge, consisting of facts, observations, and tested hypotheses
The HMS Beagle spent most of its five year voyage ✔✔mapping the coast of S. America
The Origin of Species was published in what year? ✔✔ 1859
The "watchmaker analogy" is most closely associated with ✔✔William Paley
The scientist who first proved that extinction took place is ✔✔Georges Curvier
Which of the following scientist(s) actually believed in some form of evolutionary change in organisms? ✔✔Jean Baptiste Lamark
Which of the following is false regarding scientific inquiry? ✔✔experiments must be performed
The idea of homology is most closely associated with ✔✔Richard Owen
The idea that studying processes happening now can help us understand the past is the idea of ✔✔uniformitarianism
The person who first accurately described fossils as remnants of things that lived in the past was ✔✔Nicola Steno
Charles Darwin got what kind of degree at university? ✔✔divinity
Homologous structures ✔✔are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor
A good definition for natural selection is ✔✔differential reproductive success of individuals
A good definition for evolution is ✔✔descent with modification
In science we prefer parsimonious explanations. This means the explanation should be ✔✔the simplest one
Darwin noticed that offspring tend to ___________ their parents and that this was _______________. ✔✔resemble; heritable
The phrase "Modern Synthesis" refers to: ✔✔the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics.
Remember that, in Mendel's garden peas, the yellow gene determines flower color, with the A (yellow) allele dominant to the a (green) allele. In a population of 200 plants, the genotype frequencies are 50% AA, 25% Aa, and 25% aa. What are the allele frequencies? ✔✔62.5% A, 37.5% a
The diagram below represents a protein electrophoresis gel with samples from six individuals tested for variants (alleles A and B) of a single protein. What are the allele frequencies? ✔✔http://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/resource/243317/assets/pdx_files/question_ banks/1Kvw9MSSbefSUduxS8kApSpKnYOdv9fStQFW1xQ.png
66.6% A, 33.3% B
In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of the dominant A (yellow flower) allele is 80%. Let p represent the frequency of the A allele and q represent the frequency of the a allele. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the genotype frequencies? ✔✔64% AA, 32% Aa, 4% aa
Both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace acknowledged the influence of the economist Thomas Malthus in the development of their ideas about natural selection. Specifically, Malthus' ideas about geometric population growth implied that: ✔✔resources in every generation would be limited, so individuals in every generation would have to compete for those resources.
What does it mean to say that an allele is "fixed" in the population? ✔✔It is an indication of no genetic variation at that locus in the population.
In New Mexico, large expanses of black lava create patches of unique habitat. If, in every generation, selection favors the darkest colored pocket mice in those habitats because they are best hidden from predators, this would be an example of: ✔✔directional selection
In some large groups of plants, including dandelions, oaks, and willows, the biological species concept is complicated because the process of ____________ allows gene flow to occur between good ____________ that can be easily distinguished based on appearance. ✔✔hybridization; morphospecies
A drawback of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to: ✔✔extinct and asexual organisms.
Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males and females recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? ✔✔pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation
Horses and donkeys can interbreed, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism? ✔✔post-zygotic
Ring species such as the greenish warbler complicate the biological species concept because: ✔✔at least some of their populations are reproductively isolated from one another but can still exchange genetic material.
In general, sympatric speciation requires the action of ____________ selection acting against hybrids. ✔✔disruptive
Rarely, hybridization has occurred between polar bears and grizzlies. The presence of grolars and pizzlies: ✔✔suggests that the time since divergence may not be sufficient for complete reproductive isolation to have occurred.
Cuvier uncovered fossil elephant like species that were eventually called mammoths. What kind of species concept is used to describe fossil species? ✔✔morphospecies concept
Essentials of Scientific Inquiry ✔✔1. It has to be EXPLANATORY
- It is TESTABLE
- Its conclusions are TENTATIVE
- It is FALSIFIABLE
Scala Naturae ✔✔Aristotle's Ladder of Life
Carl von Linne ✔✔Father of taxonomy
Molecular homology ✔✔similarities in cells at the molecular level indicate that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of ancestors
Biogeography ✔✔the pattern of distribution of organisms
How does evolution take place according to Darwin? ✔✔1. Common descent
- Natural selection leading to adaptation
Modern Synthesis ✔✔fusion of genetics and Darwinism evolution
Alleles ✔✔are different versions of the same gene
Diploid ✔✔2 alleles of each gene
Homozygote ✔✔individual with two of the same alleles
Heterozygote ✔✔individual with two different alleles
Where does variation come from? ✔✔Mutation
Mechanisms that change allele and genotype frequencies in populations ✔✔`natural selection
`mutation
`migration
`genetic drift
`non-random mating
The Hardy-Weinberg Model ✔✔states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
The probability that an ancient species will be represented in the fossil record is a function of: ✔✔the properties of the organisms themselves and the environments in which they live.
Which organism is most likely to be fossilized? ✔✔clam
____________ is the protein expressed on the surfaces of influenza viruses that allow them to recognize―and ultimately enter and infect―appropriate host cells. ✔✔Hemagglutinin
AIDS is caused, ultimately, by ✔✔destruction of helper t cells
If you were to sequence HIV virions from an infected person over time, the sequence of those viruses would ✔✔vary dramatically over time
Pandemic influenza strains most likely evolve by ✔✔the process of antigenic shift, which recombines the genomes of more than one influenza virus
HIV reverse transcriptase is very "sloppy", meaning that it makes many errors as it copies the viral genome. Why is this enzyme so sloppy? ✔✔it needs to generate a lot of variation to avoid the immune system
You work on a drug and discover that it is very effective against HIV in the laboratory. A drug company buys it from you and sells it to physicians who begin to give it to patients by itself. Should you be happy about this? ✔✔no, HIV will evolve resistance to my drug under these conditions
