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Biology 12 Midterm exam with verified
answers
ATP - correct answer ✔ The energy molecule produced by the mitochondria used in most cellular processes. Chlorophyll - correct answer ✔ The green pigment found in plants where photosynthesis takes place. Cristae - correct answer ✔ The in-folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, protruding into the matrix. Golgi Apparatus - correct answer ✔ The organelle that looks like a stack of sacks and is involved in modification and transport of various molecules. Lipids - correct answer ✔ Molecules that are insoluble in water and make up part of the cell membrane. Phospholipids - correct answer ✔ Special lipids contianing phosphorous found in cell membranes. Mitochondria - correct answer ✔ The powerhouse of the cell where respiration to produce carbon dioxide takes place.
Nucleus - correct answer ✔ The brain of the cell where DNA is located. Protein Synthesis - correct answer ✔ The process of making proteins on ribosomes. Blebbing - correct answer ✔ The process of blistering and breaking free of a vacuole form the ER or Golgi Chloroplast - correct answer ✔ The organelle only found in plants that uses caron dioxide and produces sugar. Endoplasmic - correct answer ✔ The sac-like organelle involved in producing and modifying proteins. Rough ER - correct answer ✔ Endoplasmic Reticulum with ribosomes attached Smooth ER - correct answer ✔ Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes attached. Hydrolysis - correct answer ✔ the process of splitting up molecules by addition of water. Lysosome - correct answer ✔ The digestive centre of the cell. Nucleolus - correct answer ✔ Contains genes for rRNA.
Vacuole - correct answer ✔ A membrane bound cavity used to transport material. Pore - correct answer ✔ An opening in a membrane Capsid - correct answer ✔ the outer coat of a virus or Bacterium Membrane - correct answer ✔ A sheet of phospholipids and proteins surrounding a cell or organelle. Bilayer - correct answer ✔ A membrane made of two layers of phospholipids. Cilia - correct answer ✔ Thin, hair-like extensions on cells used for locomotion. Flagella - correct answer ✔ A whip-like tial used for locomotion. Cytoplasm - correct answer ✔ The contents of a cell outside all the organelles but inside the cell membrane. Anus - correct answer ✔ The valve that controls defecation or expulsion of feces. Appendix - correct answer ✔ The worm-like attachment to the large intestine thought to be involved with immunity.
Ascending Colon - correct answer ✔ The first part of the large intestine attached to the small intestine. Bile - correct answer ✔ A product of the liver that emulsifies fats. Bolus - correct answer ✔ The clump of food formed in the pharynx and passed down the esophagus. Cardiac Sphincter - correct answer ✔ The valve at the end of the esophagus that prevents regurgitation. Chyme - correct answer ✔ The combination of partially digested food and gastric juices that enter the duodenum. Cirrhosis - correct answer ✔ A disease where the liver becomes very fatty resulting in a build-up of scar tissue. Constipation - correct answer ✔ Having very dry stool resulting in difficulty to have a bowel movement. Descending Colon - correct answer ✔ Between the transverse and sigmoid colon. Diabetes - correct answer ✔ A disease where the control of blood sugar levels is lost.
Gastric Gland - correct answer ✔ The stomach glands that secrete pepsin, acid and mucus. Hepatitis - correct answer ✔ A disease resulting from infection of the liver by a virus or bacterium. Insulin - correct answer ✔ A hormone releases by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Jaundice - correct answer ✔ A condition where too much bilirubin is in the blood either because the bile ducts are blocked or because the liver cannot break the bilirubin down fast enough. Lacteal - correct answer ✔ A lymph vessel going up the center of an intestinal villus. Large Intestine - correct answer ✔ Also called the colon; specialized for water and vitamin absorption. Lipase - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that breaks down fats. Liver - correct answer ✔ The large organ involved in bile production, drug detoxification, glycogen production. Maltase - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose.
Mastication - correct answer ✔ The process of grinding food into smaller bits. Microvilli - correct answer ✔ The tiny projections on the epithelial cells in the small intestine to increase absorption. Mouth - correct answer ✔ The opening of the digestive system that allows food to enter and where initial digestion takes place. Mucus - correct answer ✔ A secretion of the gastric glands that lines the stomach, preventing ulcers. Nuclease - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that digests DNA, RNA or other nucleic acids. Pancreas - correct answer ✔ The source gland for many digestive enzymes; also produces insulin. Pancreatic Amylase - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that digests starch into maltose. Pepsin - correct answer ✔ The enzyme that digests protein in the stomach. Peptidase - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that breaks down peptides into individual amino acids.
Stomach - correct answer ✔ The storage area for food immediately after eating. Acid and trypsin digest meat. Teeth - correct answer ✔ The moveable, grinding surfaces in the mouth used for mastication. Tongue - correct answer ✔ Moves food around the mouth and allows enjoyment of certain foods. Transverse Colon - correct answer ✔ The section of large intestine going across the body under the stomach. Trypsin - correct answer ✔ An enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides in the small intestine. Ulcer - correct answer ✔ An area of the stomach unprotected by mucus where the stomach acids are irritating the stomach wall. Villi - correct answer ✔ The small folds in the small intestine that increase the surface area allowing for more absorption. Activated Complex - correct answer ✔ The enzyme and substrate bonded together and in the process of reacting. Cofactor - correct answer ✔ Also calle a coenzyme and is often a vitamin or part of a vitamin.
Hypothermia - correct answer ✔ The condition resulting from a core body temperature that is too low Hyperthermia - correct answer ✔ The condition resulting from a core body temperature that is too high. Substrate - correct answer ✔ The molecules that attach to the enzyme and react. Activation Energy - correct answer ✔ The energy required to make a chemical reaction happen. Allosteric Inhibitor - correct answer ✔ A molecule that bonds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site, stopping the enzyme from working Catalyst - correct answer ✔ A molecule or atom that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Competitive Inhibitor - correct answer ✔ A molecule that bonds at the active site and no longer allows the substrate to bond. Enzyme - correct answer ✔ A biological catalyst made of protein Inhibitor - correct answer ✔ A molecule that in some way slows down or stops the functioning of an enzyme
Synthetic reaction - correct answer ✔ A reaction where two or more molecules are joined into one Degradative Reaction - correct answer ✔ A chemical reaction where a molecule is split into parts active transport - correct answer ✔ The movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient concentration gradient - correct answer ✔ The difference in concentration from one side of a membrane to the other cytoplasmic streaming - correct answer ✔ the constant movement of molecules around inside a plant cell diffusion - correct answer ✔ the movement o any molecule from a high concentration to a low concentraion endocytosis - correct answer ✔ taking in large quantities of molecules via vesicles into the cell exocytosis - correct answer ✔ exporting molecules to the outside of a cell via a vesicle which bonds to the membrane
facilitated transport - correct answer ✔ the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration by means of a protein channel glycolipid - correct answer ✔ a lipid with a carbohydrate attached clycoprotein - correct answer ✔ a protein with a carbohydrate attached hemolysis - correct answer ✔ the bursting of blood cells due to hypotonicity hypertonic - correct answer ✔ the condition where the concentration of a solute is higher causing water to move towards this by osmosis. Cells with this condition inside will swell and possibly burst. hypotonic - correct answer ✔ the condition where the concentration of a solute is lower, causing water to move away from this by osmosis. Cells with this condition inside will shrivel isotonic - correct answer ✔ a condition where the solute concentration is equal on either side of the membrane Na2+/K+ pump - correct answer ✔ the protein that maintains a balance of Sodium and Potassium ions across the membrane osmometer - correct answer ✔ scientific doohickey that can measure osmotic pressure
selectively permeable - correct answer ✔ a membrane which allows only certain molecules through solubility - correct answer ✔ a measure of the ability for something to dissolve solute - correct answer ✔ a molecule that has been dissolved in a liquid solvent - correct answer ✔ a liquid in which other molecules can be dissolved thyroxin - correct answer ✔ a hormone produced by the thyroid gland to increase metabolism turgidity - correct answer ✔ a measure of how something has swelled turgor pressure - correct answer ✔ the pressure inside a plant cell due to hypotonicity viscosity - correct answer ✔ a measure of the ability of a liquid to flow Addition - correct answer ✔ Accidentally placing an extra nucleotide in a gene Anticodon - correct answer ✔ The series of three important bases on a tRNA Cancer - correct answer ✔ Uncontrolled cell growth
Carcinogen - correct answer ✔ A chemical that can cause a mutation Codons - correct answer ✔ The parts of an mRNA can be split into to determine the types of amino acids needed. Degenerative - correct answer ✔ Describes the genetic code's ability to have mistakes without actually affecting the type of amino acide used Deletion - correct answer ✔ The removal of one base from an mRNA sequence Elongation - correct answer ✔ The process of adding more amino acids to make the primary structure of the protein. Exons - correct answer ✔ Those pieces of mRNA that actually contain coded genes Frameshift mutations - correct answer ✔ This causes a problem in the gene from the point of the mistake and onward Gene - correct answer ✔ a piece of DNA that carries a code for a certain feature or trait in an organism Genetic Code - correct answer ✔ Determines which amino acids go with which codons by the order and type of bases in the codon.
RNA Polymerase - correct answer ✔ the enzyme that helps make sugar- phosphate bonds in RNA rRNA - correct answer ✔ The polymer of nucleotides found in ribosomes Substitution - correct answer ✔ Changing one base for another in a gene Stop Codon - correct answer ✔ A series of three bases that do not code for any amino acids Template - correct answer ✔ Something from which an exact copy can be made. Termination - correct answer ✔ When the robosome reaches a stop codon in the mRNA and releases the completed protein Transcription - correct answer ✔ The process of making RNA from DNA Translation - correct answer ✔ The process of making proteins from the code on mRNA Triplet Code - correct answer ✔ The three bases that make up a codon tRNA - correct answer ✔ The molecule that brings in each amino acid based on their anticodons
Nucleotide - correct answer ✔ the monomers that make up a nucleic acid Purines - correct answer ✔ adenine and guanine are examples pyrimidines - correct answer ✔ have a single ring structure adenine - correct answer ✔ bonds to thymine guanine - correct answer ✔ bonds to cytosine cytosine - correct answer ✔ a pyrimidine found in both DNA and RNA thymine - correct answer ✔ a pyrimidine found only in DNA. Uracil - correct answer ✔ replaces thymine in RNA Phosphate Group - correct answer ✔ the molecule that breaks off of ATP to make ADP double helix - correct answer ✔ the spiral shape of DNA complementary base pairing - correct answer ✔ When A only bonds to T and C only to G
