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Biology 331 Final Exam: Detailed Solutions on Animal Behavior and Neurobiology, Exams of Biology

A final exam for biology 331, focusing on detailed solutions and key concepts in animal behavior and neurobiology. It covers topics such as neuron function, fixed action patterns, neural networks, and the work of robert sapolsky. Additionally, it explores altruism, reciprocal altruism, cooperative breeding, and the roles of hormones like prolactin. The exam also delves into insect and chordate eyes, honey bee brain structures, and the nervous system of chordates, providing a comprehensive overview of animal behavior and neurobiology. It also includes questions and answers about genetics and social behavior, such as kin selection and eusociality, making it a valuable resource for students studying biology and animal behavior. (447 characters)

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2024/2025

Available from 06/03/2025

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Biology || 331 || Final || Exam || with ||
precise || detailed || solutions
Neuron || - || Correct || answer || a || specialized || cell || transmitting || nerve || impulses; || a ||
nerve || cell.
Fixed || action || pathway || - || Correct || answer || SENSORY || INPUT || || STIMULUS ||
THRESHOLD || || SIGNAL || TO || INNATE || RELEASING || MECHANISM || ||
FIXED || ACTION || PATTERN
Neural || network || - || Correct || answer || refers || to || interconnected || neuron || cells
Robert || Sapolsky's || work || - || Correct || answer ||
Hormones || involved || in || insect || metamorphosis || - || Correct || answer ||
Altruism || - || Correct || answer || to || benefit || another || at || a || cost || to || one's || own || fitness
Reciprocal || altruism || - || Correct || answer || behaviour || whereby || an || organism || acts ||
in || a || manner || that || temporarily || reduces || its || fitness || while || increasing || another ||
organism's || fitness, || with || the || expectation || that || the || other || organism || will || act || in || a ||
similar || manner || at || a || later || time
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Download Biology 331 Final Exam: Detailed Solutions on Animal Behavior and Neurobiology and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology|| 331 || Final|| Exam|| with||

precise|| detailed|| solutions

Neuron || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || specialized || cell || transmitting || nerve || impulses; || a || nerve || cell. Fixed || action || pathway || - || Correct || answer || ✔SENSORY || INPUT || → || STIMULUS || THRESHOLD || → || SIGNAL || TO || INNATE || RELEASING || MECHANISM || → || FIXED || ACTION || PATTERN Neural || network || - || Correct || answer || ✔refers || to || interconnected || neuron || cells Robert || Sapolsky's || work || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Hormones || involved || in || insect || metamorphosis || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || benefit || another || at || a || cost || to || one's || own || fitness Reciprocal || altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔behaviour || whereby || an || organism || acts || in || a || manner || that || temporarily || reduces || its || fitness || while || increasing || another || organism's || fitness, || with || the || expectation || that || the || other || organism || will || act || in || a || similar || manner || at || a || later || time

Cooperative || breeding || - || Correct || answer || ✔in || humans || and || certain || other || species, || a || system || involving || networks || of || support || in || which || individuals || other || than || parents || contribute || resources || toward || rearing || the || young Prolactin || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || protein || best || known || for || its || role || in || enabling || mammals || (and || birds), || usually || females, || to || produce || milk castration || (and || effects || of) || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Insect || and || chordate || eyes || - || Correct || answer || ✔Schematic || illustration || of || the || compound || eye || of || an || insect. || A: || surface || of || compound || eye, || showing || the || facet || lenses. || B: || longitudinal || cross || section || of || an || ommatidium. || C: || structure || of || one || of || the || photoreceptor || cells || within || an || ommatidium, || showing || the || microvilli, || containing || the || photopigment, || that || contribute || to || the || structure || of || the || rhabdom. Main || parts || of || honey || bee || brain || - || Correct || answer || ✔An || insect || brain || is || comprised || of || a || protocerebrum, || a || deutocerebrum, || and || a || tritocerebrum. || In || honeybees, || the || tritocerebrum || is || contiguous || and || fused || to || the || back || of || the || protocerebrum || and || the || deutocerebrum; || therefore, || the || boundary || becomes || ambiguous. || In || addition, || the || suboesophageal || ganglion || is || fused || to || the || brain; || thus, || the || ventral || nerve || cord || between || them || has || been || lost. || The || following || outlines || the || structure || and || function || of || the || nerve || plexuses || in || the || honeybee's || brain. Mushroom || body || (MB): || A || pair || of || mushroom-shaped || nerve || plexuses || are || located, || one || on || each || side || of || the || protocerebrum. || Each || mushroom || body || is || comprised || of || a || calyx, || a || peduncle, || and || an || α || and || β || lobe; || the || calyx || has || separate ||

Hormones || - || Correct || answer || ✔chemical || messengers || that || are || manufactured || by || the || endocrine || glands, || travel || through || the || bloodstream, || and || affect || other || tissues Androgens || vs || estrogens || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Melatonin || function || - || Correct || answer || ✔maintains || sleep/wake || cycle; || high || during || sleep Short || day/Long || day || breeders || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Dominance || hierarchy || - || Correct || answer || ✔rankings || that || represent || the || relative || social || power || of || those || in || a || group Kin || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || a || form || of || selection || in || which || inclusive || fitness || increases || as || a || result || of || increasing || INDIRECT || fitness Inclusive || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔DIRECT || FITNESS || + || INDIRECT || FITNESS= || 0.5 || + || 0.75 || = || 1. Direct || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔increase || to || fitness || from || your || own || offspring. || → || 0.5 || X || 1 || = || 0. Coefficient || of || relatedness || (r) || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || the || measure || of || relatedness || between || two || individuals

(r) || in || Hymenoptera || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || monogynous || haplodiploid || ancestors || have || high || Coefficient || of || relatedness || (r) || which || promotes || initial || levels || of || altruism

  1. || evolve || advanced || eusocial || characteristics, || go || past || POINT || OF || NO || RETURN
  2. || Evolve || polyandry, || due || to || adaptive || nature || of || multiple || patrilines || in || social || groups Eusociality || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || complex || social || structure || in || which || workers || sacrifice || most || or || all || of || their || direct || reproduction || to || help || rear || the || queen's || offspring. || Common || in || insects || such || as || ants, || bees, || wasps, || and || termites. Hamilton's || rule || - || Correct || answer || ✔when || C || < || r || x || B r || = || Coefficient || of || relatedness, || the || measure || of || relatedness || between || two || individuals B || = || the || extra || reproductive || benefit || gained || by || the || actor || on || performing || the || behavior C || = || the || Reproductive || Cost || to || the || actor || on || performing || the || behavior Frans || de || Waal || - || Correct || answer || ✔Two || pillars || of || morality:
  3. || reciprocity || (fairness)
  4. || empathy || (compassion) Robert || Trivers || - || Correct || answer || ✔Guided || the || parental || investment || theory.

x || axis: || males' || environmental || quality y || axis: || female || fitness || (reproductive)(similar || to || the || ideal || free || distribution || model) Marginal || Value || Theorum || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Parental || Investment || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || time || and || energy || parents || expend || for || their || offspring's || benefit Male || - || Correct || answer || ✔XY || chromosomes Testes, || penis, || and || scrotum || is || anatomical Gender || identity Sexual || orientation Female || - || Correct || answer || ✔XX || chromosomes Ovaries, || vagina, || clitoris || is || anatomical Gender || identity Sexual || orientation Gametes || - || Correct || answer || ✔specialized || cells || involved || in || sexual || reproduction. || a || males || gametes || are || sperm || and || a || females || gametes || are || eggs. || sperm || are || mobile || gametes || and || eggs || are || nutrient || rich || gametes Hermaphroditic || - || Correct || answer || ✔individual || organisms || which || produce || both || male || and || female || gametes

Monecious || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || organism || has || both || male || and || female || gamete || producing || organs. || also || known || as || hermaphroditic-self || fertilization-cross || fertilization Dioecious || - || Correct || answer || ✔each || organism || can || only || produce || one || type || of || gametes Numerical || sex || ratio || - || Correct || answer || ✔ratio || of || number || of || males || to || number || of || females || in || a || population Operational || sex || ratio || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || ratio || of || male || to || female || individuals || who || are || available || for || reproducing || at || any || given || time Sex || determination || systems || - || Correct || answer || ✔sex || determination || is || genetic: || males || and || females || have || different || alleles || or || even || different || genes || that || specify || their || sexual || morphology. || XY, || ZW, || XO, || Haplodiploidy Natural || selection || vs. || Sexual || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔Natural || selection || selects || for || individuals || with || higher || fitness, || sexual || selection || selects || for || individuals || that || maximize || fitness || via || reproduction || even || if || the || trait/behavior || reduces || survival Reproductive || potential || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || maximum || number || of || offspring || that || a || given || organism || can || produce

Sexy || son || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || female's || ideal || mate || choice || among || potential || mates || is || one || whose || genes || will || produce || male || offspring || with || the || best || chance || of || reproductive || success Bright || male || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bright || colors || indicate || less || infection || with || parasites. || If || parasite || resistance || is || hereditary, || offspring || get || those || good || genes || if || females || choose || bright || males Handicap || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ornaments || are || costly, || using || resources || or || increasing || conspicuousness || to || predators, || so || only || the || best || males || are || able || to || cope || with || the || costs || of || larger || ornaments Sex || role || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || set || of || expectations || attached || to || a || particular || sex || category- || male || or || female. || mammal || females || lactate || so || their || role || is || to || care || for || the || offspring Sex || role || reversal || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || the || male || are || choosy || and || the || females || are || competing || for || mates. || in || pipefish, || the || males || have || a || pouch || and || become || "pregnant" || because || they || hold || eggs || in || there || and || gestate || them Sperm || competition || - || Correct || answer || ✔competition || between || sperm || of || two || or || more || males || for || fertilization || of || an || egg, || a || hypothesis || is || that || males || will || adjust || the || number || of || sperm || they || inseminate || into || a || female || as || a || function || of || the || risk || that || their || sperm || will || encounter || competition || from || the || sperm || of || other || males Mating || systems || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || length || and || number || of || relationships || between || males || and || females

Monogamy: -facultative || monogamy || (type || 1) -obligate || monogamy || (type || 2) Polygamy: -polygyny || (many || females) -polyandry || (many || males) Polyandry || - || Correct || answer || ✔(many || males) || a || types || of || polygamy || where || a || female || mates || with || several || males Polygyny || - || Correct || answer || ✔(many || females) || a || type || of || polygamy || where || a || male || mates || with || several || females Sneaker || males || - || Correct || answer || ✔presented || in || the || bluegill || male || fish, || small, || "cuckolder", || 2 || years || old || and || sexually || mature, || parental || male || would || not || know || that || the || tiny || male || is || sexually || mature. || the || sneaker || male || zips || through || and || releases || sperm || on || females || eggs Satellite || males || - || Correct || answer || ✔presented || in || the || bluegill || male || fish, || large, || female || mimic, || "cuckolder". || has || more || female || external || characteristics || and || so || the || parental || male || does || not || see || them || as || a || threat || but || they || are || larger || and || have || more || sperm || competition || than || the || sneaker || males || have Harem || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || animal || group || consisting || of || one || or || two || males, || a || number || of || females, || and || their || offspring. || the || dominant || male || drives || off || other || males || and || maintains || the || unity || of || the || group

Altricial || - || Correct || answer || ✔hatched || or || born || in || an || undeveloped || state || and || requiring || care || and || feeding || by || the || parents Precocious || - || Correct || answer || ✔talented || beyond || one's || age Nuptial || gift || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || physical || resource || such || as || a || food || item || that || a || male || provides || to || a || female || to || enhance || his || mating || success Parental || investment || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || time || and || energy || parents || expend || for || their || offspring's || benefit Siblicide || - || Correct || answer || ✔Killing || your || siblings || as || a || way || to || gain || access || to || all || of || the || parent's || resources Parent-offspring || conflict || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || zone || of || conflict || between || how || much || a || given || offspring || wants || in || terms || of || parental || resources || and || how || much || a || parent || is || willing || to || give Brood || parasitism || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || egg-laying || species || benefits || by || having || another || raise || its || offspring Clutch || size || tradeoffs || - || Correct || answer || ✔single || large || or || several || small, || nature || favors || clutch || sizes || that || correspond || to || the || average || maximum || number || of || offspring || that || the || parent || can || sustain || given || a || limited || food || supply. || thus, || the ||

shortage || of || food || supply || in || tropical || habitats || (near || the || equator) || limits || avian || clutch || size1 || child- || 100%3 || children- || 33% Lack's || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔implies || that || birds || that || happen || to || lay || more || eggs || than || the || optimum || will || most || likely || have || fewer || fledglings || (young || that || successfully || fly || from || the || nest) || because || the || parent || birds || will || be || unable || to || collect || enough || food || for || them || all Stot || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || high || jump || into || the || air || with || all || four || feet || off || the || ground || in || which || an || individual || moves || forward Waggle || dance || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || symbolic || form || of || communication || used || by || honeybee || foragers || to || communicate || the || location || of || a || food || source || to || their || hive || mates Round || dance || - || Correct || answer || ✔Behavior || where || The || scout || bee || would || circle || first || to || the || right || and || then || to || the || left; || told || other || worker || bees || that || a || food || source || was || near || the || hive, || but || it || did || not || inform || them || of || the || exact || location || of || the || food. Mobbing || - || Correct || answer || ✔flocks || of || small || birds || harassing || a || predatory || bird || for || defense || or || wildebeest || turning || against || lion Crypsis || (olfactory, || visual, || behavioral) || - || Correct || answer || ✔visual- || cephalopod olfactory- || Blue || butterflies || and || Myrmica || ants auditory- || Sonar || jamming || by || Tiger || moths

-Celestial || Orientation -Polarized || light-Olfaction -Path || Integration/Dead || reckoning Celestial || cues || - || Correct || answer || ✔sun/moon/stars || to || orient Path || integration || - || Correct || answer || ✔brain || calculates || mean || vector, || as || a || result || of || capturing || distance || and || direction Polarized || light || - || Correct || answer || ✔light || with || waves || that || vibrate || in || only || one || plane Olfaction || - || Correct || answer || ✔taste || or || smell || of || chemical || gradients Magnetic || orientation || - || Correct || answer || ✔magnetic || anomalies || provide || a || "map" || of || discrepancies || that || can || be || remembered Inter || Tropical || Convergence || Zone || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || belt || of || low || pressure || which || circles || the || Earth || generally || near || the || equator || where || the || trade || winds || of || the || Northern || and || Southern || Hemispheres || come || together. || it || is || characterized || by || convective || activity || which || generates || often || vigorous || thunderstorms || over || large || areas True || navigation || (map || use) || - || Correct || answer || ✔ability || to || locate || specific || place || on || Earth's || surface || using || a || sense || of || the || gradients || in || both || the || intensity || and || angle || of || the || Earth's || magnetic || field

Marginal || Value || theorum || - || Correct || answer || ✔predicts || how || long || an || animal || should || stay || in || one || patch || or, || when || should || you || move || on || to || another || patch? Sequential || assessment || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || model || of || fighting || in || which || an || individual || assesses || its || opponents || ability || during || different || stages || of || aggression || and || decided || whether || or || not || to || continue || the || interaction War || of || attrition || - || Correct || answer || ✔two || identical || opponents || fight || over || a || unitary || resource || and || the || winner || is || the || individual || that || is || prepared || to || go || on || longer. || leads || to || death || a || lot Hawk-Dove || Game || - || Correct || answer || ✔Players || employ || different || strategies Hawk: || first || display || aggression, || then || escalate || into || a || fight || until || he || either || wins || or || is || injured. || Dove: || first || display || aggression || but || if || faced || with || major || escalation || by || an || opponent || to || run || for || safety. || If || not || faced || with || this || level || of || escalation || the || Dove || will || attempt || to || share || the || resource. Game || theory || - || Correct || answer || ✔any || interaction || between || multiple || people || in || which || each || persons || pay || off || is || affected || by || the || decisions || made || by || others Behavioral || strategies || - || Correct || answer || ✔can || be || innate || or || learned, || do || nothing || or || do || something

of || animalsif || you || are || 1/3 || of || a || group, || 33% || chance || of || being || eaten. || 1/10 || in || a || group, || 10% || of || being || eaten Nomadic || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔move || between || distinct || locations || in || an || unpredictable || manner Migratory || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔seasonal || movement || of || a || group || of || animals || to || a || new || location || for || feeding || and || breeding Territorial || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔type || of || behavior || in || which || an || animal || protects || his || home || area Territoriality || - || Correct || answer || ✔defense || of || a || space || against || encroachment || by || other || individuals Types || of || nomadic || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔phase || nomadism: || individuals' || movement || patterns || differ || according || to || their || life || history || stage seasonal || nomadism: || some || individuals || change || their || movement || behavior || over || the || course || of || a || yea. || there || is || a || predictable || element || to || the || occurrence || of || these || seasonal || nomadic || movements irruptive || nomadism: || long-distance || movements || that || are || neither || seasonal || nor || dependent || on || life-stage

partial || nomadism: || where || only || a || portion || of || a || population || is || nomadic, || exists || in || multiple || taxa || and || environments Limiting || resources || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || short || supply || of || resources || restricting || the || growth || of || a || population Intra || and || Inter || annual || variability || - || Correct || answer || ✔Intra-annual || variability: || precipitation || in || a || year || Inter-annual || variability: || the || difference || in || precipitation || from || one || year || to || the || next Monogamy || - || Correct || answer || ✔marriage || to || a || single || mate Polygamy || - || Correct || answer || ✔marriage || to || several || people || at || the || same || time Infanticide || - || Correct || answer || ✔act || of || killing || an || infant Clade || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || group || of || species || that || includes || an || ancestral || species || and || all || its || descendants. Trait || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || characteristic || that || an || organism || can || pass || on || to || its || offspring || through || its || genes. Components || of || scientific || method || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Observation

  1. || Hypothesis