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Biology|| 331 || Final|| Exam|| with||
precise|| detailed|| solutions
Neuron || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || specialized || cell || transmitting || nerve || impulses; || a || nerve || cell. Fixed || action || pathway || - || Correct || answer || ✔SENSORY || INPUT || → || STIMULUS || THRESHOLD || → || SIGNAL || TO || INNATE || RELEASING || MECHANISM || → || FIXED || ACTION || PATTERN Neural || network || - || Correct || answer || ✔refers || to || interconnected || neuron || cells Robert || Sapolsky's || work || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Hormones || involved || in || insect || metamorphosis || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || benefit || another || at || a || cost || to || one's || own || fitness Reciprocal || altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔behaviour || whereby || an || organism || acts || in || a || manner || that || temporarily || reduces || its || fitness || while || increasing || another || organism's || fitness, || with || the || expectation || that || the || other || organism || will || act || in || a || similar || manner || at || a || later || time
Cooperative || breeding || - || Correct || answer || ✔in || humans || and || certain || other || species, || a || system || involving || networks || of || support || in || which || individuals || other || than || parents || contribute || resources || toward || rearing || the || young Prolactin || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || protein || best || known || for || its || role || in || enabling || mammals || (and || birds), || usually || females, || to || produce || milk castration || (and || effects || of) || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Insect || and || chordate || eyes || - || Correct || answer || ✔Schematic || illustration || of || the || compound || eye || of || an || insect. || A: || surface || of || compound || eye, || showing || the || facet || lenses. || B: || longitudinal || cross || section || of || an || ommatidium. || C: || structure || of || one || of || the || photoreceptor || cells || within || an || ommatidium, || showing || the || microvilli, || containing || the || photopigment, || that || contribute || to || the || structure || of || the || rhabdom. Main || parts || of || honey || bee || brain || - || Correct || answer || ✔An || insect || brain || is || comprised || of || a || protocerebrum, || a || deutocerebrum, || and || a || tritocerebrum. || In || honeybees, || the || tritocerebrum || is || contiguous || and || fused || to || the || back || of || the || protocerebrum || and || the || deutocerebrum; || therefore, || the || boundary || becomes || ambiguous. || In || addition, || the || suboesophageal || ganglion || is || fused || to || the || brain; || thus, || the || ventral || nerve || cord || between || them || has || been || lost. || The || following || outlines || the || structure || and || function || of || the || nerve || plexuses || in || the || honeybee's || brain. Mushroom || body || (MB): || A || pair || of || mushroom-shaped || nerve || plexuses || are || located, || one || on || each || side || of || the || protocerebrum. || Each || mushroom || body || is || comprised || of || a || calyx, || a || peduncle, || and || an || α || and || β || lobe; || the || calyx || has || separate ||
Hormones || - || Correct || answer || ✔chemical || messengers || that || are || manufactured || by || the || endocrine || glands, || travel || through || the || bloodstream, || and || affect || other || tissues Androgens || vs || estrogens || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Melatonin || function || - || Correct || answer || ✔maintains || sleep/wake || cycle; || high || during || sleep Short || day/Long || day || breeders || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Dominance || hierarchy || - || Correct || answer || ✔rankings || that || represent || the || relative || social || power || of || those || in || a || group Kin || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || a || form || of || selection || in || which || inclusive || fitness || increases || as || a || result || of || increasing || INDIRECT || fitness Inclusive || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔DIRECT || FITNESS || + || INDIRECT || FITNESS= || 0.5 || + || 0.75 || = || 1. Direct || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔increase || to || fitness || from || your || own || offspring. || → || 0.5 || X || 1 || = || 0. Coefficient || of || relatedness || (r) || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || the || measure || of || relatedness || between || two || individuals
(r) || in || Hymenoptera || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || monogynous || haplodiploid || ancestors || have || high || Coefficient || of || relatedness || (r) || which || promotes || initial || levels || of || altruism
- || evolve || advanced || eusocial || characteristics, || go || past || POINT || OF || NO || RETURN
- || Evolve || polyandry, || due || to || adaptive || nature || of || multiple || patrilines || in || social || groups Eusociality || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || complex || social || structure || in || which || workers || sacrifice || most || or || all || of || their || direct || reproduction || to || help || rear || the || queen's || offspring. || Common || in || insects || such || as || ants, || bees, || wasps, || and || termites. Hamilton's || rule || - || Correct || answer || ✔when || C || < || r || x || B r || = || Coefficient || of || relatedness, || the || measure || of || relatedness || between || two || individuals B || = || the || extra || reproductive || benefit || gained || by || the || actor || on || performing || the || behavior C || = || the || Reproductive || Cost || to || the || actor || on || performing || the || behavior Frans || de || Waal || - || Correct || answer || ✔Two || pillars || of || morality:
- || reciprocity || (fairness)
- || empathy || (compassion) Robert || Trivers || - || Correct || answer || ✔Guided || the || parental || investment || theory.
x || axis: || males' || environmental || quality y || axis: || female || fitness || (reproductive)(similar || to || the || ideal || free || distribution || model) Marginal || Value || Theorum || - || Correct || answer || ✔ Parental || Investment || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || time || and || energy || parents || expend || for || their || offspring's || benefit Male || - || Correct || answer || ✔XY || chromosomes Testes, || penis, || and || scrotum || is || anatomical Gender || identity Sexual || orientation Female || - || Correct || answer || ✔XX || chromosomes Ovaries, || vagina, || clitoris || is || anatomical Gender || identity Sexual || orientation Gametes || - || Correct || answer || ✔specialized || cells || involved || in || sexual || reproduction. || a || males || gametes || are || sperm || and || a || females || gametes || are || eggs. || sperm || are || mobile || gametes || and || eggs || are || nutrient || rich || gametes Hermaphroditic || - || Correct || answer || ✔individual || organisms || which || produce || both || male || and || female || gametes
Monecious || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || organism || has || both || male || and || female || gamete || producing || organs. || also || known || as || hermaphroditic-self || fertilization-cross || fertilization Dioecious || - || Correct || answer || ✔each || organism || can || only || produce || one || type || of || gametes Numerical || sex || ratio || - || Correct || answer || ✔ratio || of || number || of || males || to || number || of || females || in || a || population Operational || sex || ratio || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || ratio || of || male || to || female || individuals || who || are || available || for || reproducing || at || any || given || time Sex || determination || systems || - || Correct || answer || ✔sex || determination || is || genetic: || males || and || females || have || different || alleles || or || even || different || genes || that || specify || their || sexual || morphology. || XY, || ZW, || XO, || Haplodiploidy Natural || selection || vs. || Sexual || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔Natural || selection || selects || for || individuals || with || higher || fitness, || sexual || selection || selects || for || individuals || that || maximize || fitness || via || reproduction || even || if || the || trait/behavior || reduces || survival Reproductive || potential || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || maximum || number || of || offspring || that || a || given || organism || can || produce
Sexy || son || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || female's || ideal || mate || choice || among || potential || mates || is || one || whose || genes || will || produce || male || offspring || with || the || best || chance || of || reproductive || success Bright || male || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bright || colors || indicate || less || infection || with || parasites. || If || parasite || resistance || is || hereditary, || offspring || get || those || good || genes || if || females || choose || bright || males Handicap || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ornaments || are || costly, || using || resources || or || increasing || conspicuousness || to || predators, || so || only || the || best || males || are || able || to || cope || with || the || costs || of || larger || ornaments Sex || role || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || set || of || expectations || attached || to || a || particular || sex || category- || male || or || female. || mammal || females || lactate || so || their || role || is || to || care || for || the || offspring Sex || role || reversal || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || the || male || are || choosy || and || the || females || are || competing || for || mates. || in || pipefish, || the || males || have || a || pouch || and || become || "pregnant" || because || they || hold || eggs || in || there || and || gestate || them Sperm || competition || - || Correct || answer || ✔competition || between || sperm || of || two || or || more || males || for || fertilization || of || an || egg, || a || hypothesis || is || that || males || will || adjust || the || number || of || sperm || they || inseminate || into || a || female || as || a || function || of || the || risk || that || their || sperm || will || encounter || competition || from || the || sperm || of || other || males Mating || systems || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || length || and || number || of || relationships || between || males || and || females
Monogamy: -facultative || monogamy || (type || 1) -obligate || monogamy || (type || 2) Polygamy: -polygyny || (many || females) -polyandry || (many || males) Polyandry || - || Correct || answer || ✔(many || males) || a || types || of || polygamy || where || a || female || mates || with || several || males Polygyny || - || Correct || answer || ✔(many || females) || a || type || of || polygamy || where || a || male || mates || with || several || females Sneaker || males || - || Correct || answer || ✔presented || in || the || bluegill || male || fish, || small, || "cuckolder", || 2 || years || old || and || sexually || mature, || parental || male || would || not || know || that || the || tiny || male || is || sexually || mature. || the || sneaker || male || zips || through || and || releases || sperm || on || females || eggs Satellite || males || - || Correct || answer || ✔presented || in || the || bluegill || male || fish, || large, || female || mimic, || "cuckolder". || has || more || female || external || characteristics || and || so || the || parental || male || does || not || see || them || as || a || threat || but || they || are || larger || and || have || more || sperm || competition || than || the || sneaker || males || have Harem || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || animal || group || consisting || of || one || or || two || males, || a || number || of || females, || and || their || offspring. || the || dominant || male || drives || off || other || males || and || maintains || the || unity || of || the || group
Altricial || - || Correct || answer || ✔hatched || or || born || in || an || undeveloped || state || and || requiring || care || and || feeding || by || the || parents Precocious || - || Correct || answer || ✔talented || beyond || one's || age Nuptial || gift || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || physical || resource || such || as || a || food || item || that || a || male || provides || to || a || female || to || enhance || his || mating || success Parental || investment || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || time || and || energy || parents || expend || for || their || offspring's || benefit Siblicide || - || Correct || answer || ✔Killing || your || siblings || as || a || way || to || gain || access || to || all || of || the || parent's || resources Parent-offspring || conflict || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || zone || of || conflict || between || how || much || a || given || offspring || wants || in || terms || of || parental || resources || and || how || much || a || parent || is || willing || to || give Brood || parasitism || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || egg-laying || species || benefits || by || having || another || raise || its || offspring Clutch || size || tradeoffs || - || Correct || answer || ✔single || large || or || several || small, || nature || favors || clutch || sizes || that || correspond || to || the || average || maximum || number || of || offspring || that || the || parent || can || sustain || given || a || limited || food || supply. || thus, || the ||
shortage || of || food || supply || in || tropical || habitats || (near || the || equator) || limits || avian || clutch || size1 || child- || 100%3 || children- || 33% Lack's || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔implies || that || birds || that || happen || to || lay || more || eggs || than || the || optimum || will || most || likely || have || fewer || fledglings || (young || that || successfully || fly || from || the || nest) || because || the || parent || birds || will || be || unable || to || collect || enough || food || for || them || all Stot || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || high || jump || into || the || air || with || all || four || feet || off || the || ground || in || which || an || individual || moves || forward Waggle || dance || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || symbolic || form || of || communication || used || by || honeybee || foragers || to || communicate || the || location || of || a || food || source || to || their || hive || mates Round || dance || - || Correct || answer || ✔Behavior || where || The || scout || bee || would || circle || first || to || the || right || and || then || to || the || left; || told || other || worker || bees || that || a || food || source || was || near || the || hive, || but || it || did || not || inform || them || of || the || exact || location || of || the || food. Mobbing || - || Correct || answer || ✔flocks || of || small || birds || harassing || a || predatory || bird || for || defense || or || wildebeest || turning || against || lion Crypsis || (olfactory, || visual, || behavioral) || - || Correct || answer || ✔visual- || cephalopod olfactory- || Blue || butterflies || and || Myrmica || ants auditory- || Sonar || jamming || by || Tiger || moths
-Celestial || Orientation -Polarized || light-Olfaction -Path || Integration/Dead || reckoning Celestial || cues || - || Correct || answer || ✔sun/moon/stars || to || orient Path || integration || - || Correct || answer || ✔brain || calculates || mean || vector, || as || a || result || of || capturing || distance || and || direction Polarized || light || - || Correct || answer || ✔light || with || waves || that || vibrate || in || only || one || plane Olfaction || - || Correct || answer || ✔taste || or || smell || of || chemical || gradients Magnetic || orientation || - || Correct || answer || ✔magnetic || anomalies || provide || a || "map" || of || discrepancies || that || can || be || remembered Inter || Tropical || Convergence || Zone || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || belt || of || low || pressure || which || circles || the || Earth || generally || near || the || equator || where || the || trade || winds || of || the || Northern || and || Southern || Hemispheres || come || together. || it || is || characterized || by || convective || activity || which || generates || often || vigorous || thunderstorms || over || large || areas True || navigation || (map || use) || - || Correct || answer || ✔ability || to || locate || specific || place || on || Earth's || surface || using || a || sense || of || the || gradients || in || both || the || intensity || and || angle || of || the || Earth's || magnetic || field
Marginal || Value || theorum || - || Correct || answer || ✔predicts || how || long || an || animal || should || stay || in || one || patch || or, || when || should || you || move || on || to || another || patch? Sequential || assessment || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || model || of || fighting || in || which || an || individual || assesses || its || opponents || ability || during || different || stages || of || aggression || and || decided || whether || or || not || to || continue || the || interaction War || of || attrition || - || Correct || answer || ✔two || identical || opponents || fight || over || a || unitary || resource || and || the || winner || is || the || individual || that || is || prepared || to || go || on || longer. || leads || to || death || a || lot Hawk-Dove || Game || - || Correct || answer || ✔Players || employ || different || strategies Hawk: || first || display || aggression, || then || escalate || into || a || fight || until || he || either || wins || or || is || injured. || Dove: || first || display || aggression || but || if || faced || with || major || escalation || by || an || opponent || to || run || for || safety. || If || not || faced || with || this || level || of || escalation || the || Dove || will || attempt || to || share || the || resource. Game || theory || - || Correct || answer || ✔any || interaction || between || multiple || people || in || which || each || persons || pay || off || is || affected || by || the || decisions || made || by || others Behavioral || strategies || - || Correct || answer || ✔can || be || innate || or || learned, || do || nothing || or || do || something
of || animalsif || you || are || 1/3 || of || a || group, || 33% || chance || of || being || eaten. || 1/10 || in || a || group, || 10% || of || being || eaten Nomadic || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔move || between || distinct || locations || in || an || unpredictable || manner Migratory || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔seasonal || movement || of || a || group || of || animals || to || a || new || location || for || feeding || and || breeding Territorial || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔type || of || behavior || in || which || an || animal || protects || his || home || area Territoriality || - || Correct || answer || ✔defense || of || a || space || against || encroachment || by || other || individuals Types || of || nomadic || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔phase || nomadism: || individuals' || movement || patterns || differ || according || to || their || life || history || stage seasonal || nomadism: || some || individuals || change || their || movement || behavior || over || the || course || of || a || yea. || there || is || a || predictable || element || to || the || occurrence || of || these || seasonal || nomadic || movements irruptive || nomadism: || long-distance || movements || that || are || neither || seasonal || nor || dependent || on || life-stage
partial || nomadism: || where || only || a || portion || of || a || population || is || nomadic, || exists || in || multiple || taxa || and || environments Limiting || resources || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || short || supply || of || resources || restricting || the || growth || of || a || population Intra || and || Inter || annual || variability || - || Correct || answer || ✔Intra-annual || variability: || precipitation || in || a || year || Inter-annual || variability: || the || difference || in || precipitation || from || one || year || to || the || next Monogamy || - || Correct || answer || ✔marriage || to || a || single || mate Polygamy || - || Correct || answer || ✔marriage || to || several || people || at || the || same || time Infanticide || - || Correct || answer || ✔act || of || killing || an || infant Clade || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || group || of || species || that || includes || an || ancestral || species || and || all || its || descendants. Trait || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || characteristic || that || an || organism || can || pass || on || to || its || offspring || through || its || genes. Components || of || scientific || method || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Observation
- || Hypothesis
