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Biology brief note dealing molecular and cell biology terms, Cheat Sheet of Molecular biology

University of BurdwanMolecular biology

Molecular and Cell Biology is a branch of biology that focuses on the structure, function, and interactions of cellular molecules. This field examines the complex processes that underlie cell function, including how cells grow, divide, communicate, and respond to their environment. It encompasses the study of key biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and explores how these molecules contribute to the structure and function of cells. Additionally, molecular and cell biology investigates genetic regulation, cellular metabolism, signal transduction pathways, and the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer. This discipline combines techniques from biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics to understand life at a molecular and cellular level.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2023/2024

Available from 06/18/2024

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Studynotes (brief notes)
Bi ol og y
## # Le ct ure 1: Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology
** Overview of Cell Theory **
- * *All living o rg an is ms ar e c om po se d o f c el ls :* * This foundational
co nc ep t states that the cel l is the basic building block of all living things,
whether single-celled organisms like bacteria or multicellular organisms
li ke humans.
- **The cell is the basic un it of life:** Every cell carries o ut essential life
fu nc ti on s, in cl ud in g energy production, waste elimination, and
reproduction.
- **All cells arise from pre-existing cells:** Cells divide to produce new
ce ll s, e ns ur in g the continuity of life.
## # Le ct ure 2: Biomolecules
- ** Types of Biomolecules**
- ** Ca rb ohydrates:** Serve as energy sources and structural components.
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Studynotes (brief notes)

Biology

Lecture 1: Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology

**Overview of Cell Theory **

  • All living organisms are composed of cells: This foundational concept states that the cell is the basic building block of all living things, whether single-celled organisms like bacteria or multicellular organisms like humans.
  • The cell is the basic unit of life: Every cell carries out essential life functions, including energy production, waste elimination, and reproduction.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells: Cells divide to produce new cells, ensuring the continuity of life.

Lecture 2: Biomolecules

  • Types of Biomolecules
  • Carbohydrates: Serve as energy sources and structural components.
  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
  • Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose).
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
  • Lipids: Store energy, form cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules.
  • Fatty acids: Building blocks of lipids.
  • Triglycerides: Fats and oils.
  • Phospholipids: Key components of cell membranes.
  • Steroids: Include hormones like estrogen and testosterone.
  • Proteins: Perform a vast array of functions, including catalysis, transport, and support.
  • Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins.
  • Protein structure: Primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-sheets), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple protein subunits).
  • Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information.
  • DNA: Carries genetic blueprint.
  • RNA: Involved in protein synthesis.

Lecture 3: Cell Structure and Function

  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
  • Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and organelles; simpler (e.g., bacteria).
  • Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and organelles; more complex (e.g., animals, plants).

Lecture 5: Cell Communication and Signaling

  • **Types of Cell Signaling **
    • Autocrine: Cell targets itself.
    • Paracrine: Cell targets nearby cells.
    • Endocrine: Cell targets distant cells through hormones.
    • Direct Signaling: Cell targets adjacent cells through gap junctions or cell-to-cell contact.
  • Signal Transduction Pathways
    • Receptors: Proteins on the cell surface or inside the cell that bind signaling molecules.
    • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Tyrosine kinase receptors
  • Second Messengers: Small molecules that relay signals inside the cell (e.g., cAMP, calcium ions).
    • Cellular Responses: Can include changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell behavior.

Lecture 6: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

  • Phases of the Cell Cycle
    • Interphase: Period of growth and DNA replication.
      • G1 phase: Cell grows.
      • S phase: DNA is replicated.
  • G2 phase: Cell prepares for division.
  • Mitotic Phase: Cell divides into two daughter cells.
  • Mitosis: Division of the nucleus.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.
  • Mitosis
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell equator.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Nuclear envelopes re-form around separated chromosomes.
  • Meiosis
  • Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid cells.
  • Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells, increasing genetic diversity.

Lecture 7: DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

  • DNA Replication
  • Semi-conservative mechanism: Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
  • Leading and lagging strands: Leading strand synthesized continuously, lagging strand synthesized in fragments (Okazaki fragments).
  • 3’ polyadenylation: Addition of a poly-A tail to the 3’ end of the RNA.
  • Splicing: Removal of introns (non-coding regions) and joining of exons (coding regions).

Lecture 9: Translation and Protein Synthesis

  • Genetic Code
  • Codons: Triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that specify amino acids.
  • Start and stop codons: Signal the beginning and end of translation.
  • Mechanisms of Translation
  • Initiation: Ribosome assembles around the start codon of the mRNA.
  • Elongation: tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome, which are added to the growing polypeptide chain.
  • Termination: Ribosome reaches a stop codon and releases the completed polypeptide.
  • Ribosomes: Complexes of rRNA and proteins that facilitate translation.
  • tRNA: Transfer RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome.

Lecture 10: Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Regulation
  • Prokaryotic: Often involves operons, groups of genes regulated together.
  • Eukaryotic: More complex, involving chromatin structure, transcription factors, and enhancers.
  • Epigenetic Regulation
  • DNA methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA, usually represses gene expression.
  • Histone modification: Changes to histone proteins can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.

Lecture 11: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

  • **Recombinant DNA Technology **
  • Restriction enzymes: Cut DNA at specific sequences.
  • Cloning vectors: DNA molecules used to transfer genetic material (e.g., plasmids).
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Amplification of DNA: Technique to create many copies of a specific DNA segment.
  • CRISPR-Cas9
  • Genome editing: Technology that allows for precise modifications to the DNA of living organisms.

Lecture 12: Cell Metabolism

  • Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways