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A comprehensive overview of the key concepts and topics covered in biology chapters 1-4. It includes detailed answers to a variety of test questions, covering topics such as the structure and function of biological molecules, the characteristics of different domains of life, the scientific method, the levels of biological organization, the properties of water, the nature of acids and bases, the structure and function of organic molecules, the components of cells, and the organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Likely to be useful for students preparing for exams or seeking to deepen their understanding of these fundamental biological principles.
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Steroids - ANS-✔✔1. Contain no fatty acids
Phospholipids - ANS-✔✔1. Comprised of two fatty acid tails and a glycerol phosphate head
Fats + Oils - ANS-✔✔1. Function as long-term energy storage
Elements that comprise majority of living organisms - ANS-✔✔CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Chemical bond in which atoms share one or more pairs of electrons: - ANS-✔✔Covalent bond
Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges: - ANS-✔✔Ionic bond, water weakens ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds: - ANS-✔✔Occur when positive hydrogen atoms attract partially negative atoms nearby, examples include the attraction between 2 molecules of water
Electrons description: - ANS-✔✔-1, Found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
Neutrons description: - ANS-✔✔electrically neutral, Found in nucleus
Protons description: - ANS-✔✔+1, Found in the nucleus
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANS-✔✔observation, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion
Eukarya characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Unicellular or multi-cellular organisms that contain a membrane- bound nucleus
Bacteria characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Unicellular prokaryotes that can be found almost anywhere, including soils, water, air, and our bodies
Archaea characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Thrive in extreme environments such as thermal vents, sulfur springs, or acid mines.
Levels of classifications, Most inclusive to least inclusive: - ANS-✔✔Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
"Dear King Philip cried out for good soup"
State of Biological balance: - ANS-✔✔homeostasis
General characteristics of life (8): - ANS-✔✔Homeostasis, Reproduction, development, movement, organization, adaptations, response to stimuli, use of materials and energy
Polar - ANS-✔✔electrons are shared unequally
Likes water(hydrophilic)
Acids - ANS-✔✔substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
HCl: Hydrochloric acid
HCl: H+ + OH-
Bases - ANS-✔✔Substances that take in hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions
NaOH: Na+ + OH-
Octet Rule - ANS-✔✔1. Two electrons in the first shell
Electronegativity - ANS-✔✔attractiveness of atoms to electrons
Boiling and freezing points of water - ANS-✔✔Freezing: 0 celcius, 32 Farenheight
Boiling: 100 celcius, 212 Farenheight
Organic Molecules - ANS-✔✔have at least carbon and hydrogen
Polymers - ANS-✔✔Formed by carbohydrates and nucleic acids, monomers form together to form polymers
Monomers - ANS-✔✔small molecule that is a subunit of polymers, ex. glucose is a monomer of starch
Monosaccharides - ANS-✔✔Single sugar, simple sugars
pentose, hexose, glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
Hydrolysis - ANS-✔✔Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
For every bond broken, one water molecule needs to be added
Disaccharide - ANS-✔✔2 sugars
Polysaccharide - ANS-✔✔complex carbohydrates; structural components, short term energy storage
Four levels of protein structure: - ANS-✔✔1. Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Prions - ANS-✔✔misfolded proteins
can cause mad cow disease
Nucleotide - ANS-✔✔at least one phosphate group, a pentose(5-carbon sugar), nitrogen containing base
Cell wall - ANS-✔✔maintains the shape of the cell
Glycocalyx - ANS-✔✔sugar coat, polysaccharides found outside cell wall, help cells stick to surfaces, capsule layer(hard to wash off), slimy layer(easy to wash off)
Cytoplasm - ANS-✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Nucleoid - ANS-✔✔A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Plasmid - ANS-✔✔extra-chromosomal DNA in a prokaryote.
Ribosomes - ANS-✔✔site of protein synthesis
cyanobacteria - ANS-✔✔bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis; blue-green algae
Thylakoid - ANS-✔✔where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for production of carbohydrates
Flagellum - ANS-✔✔A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
Fimbria - ANS-✔✔A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
Conjugation Pili - ANS-✔✔involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another
Organelle - ANS-✔✔A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Endosymbiotic theory - ANS-✔✔theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
Cytoskeleton - ANS-✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Nuclear pore - ANS-✔✔a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm - ANS-✔✔Fluid inside the nucleus
Chromatin - ANS-✔✔DNA and associated proteins
Chromosomes - ANS-✔✔Carriers of genetic information
Nucleolus - ANS-✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
mRNA - ANS-✔✔messenger RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANS-✔✔An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Rough ER - ANS-✔✔Ribosomes are attached, synthesizes protein, continuous w/ the nuclear envelope
Centrosome - ANS-✔✔the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell
Centriole - ANS-✔✔9 triplets of mictotubules