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Biology Chapter 1-4 Test Questions And Answers 2024 A+
Steroids - ANS-✔✔1. Contain no fatty acids
- Composed of a carbon skeleton of four-fused rings
- Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples
Phospholipids - ANS-✔✔1. Comprised of two fatty acid tails and a glycerol phosphate head
- Have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and make up the plasma membrane
Fats + Oils - ANS-✔✔1. Function as long-term energy storage
- Comprised of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Elements that comprise majority of living organisms - ANS-✔✔CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Chemical bond in which atoms share one or more pairs of electrons: - ANS-✔✔Covalent bond
Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges: - ANS-✔✔Ionic bond, water weakens ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds: - ANS-✔✔Occur when positive hydrogen atoms attract partially negative atoms nearby, examples include the attraction between 2 molecules of water
Electrons description: - ANS-✔✔-1, Found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
Neutrons description: - ANS-✔✔electrically neutral, Found in nucleus
Protons description: - ANS-✔✔+1, Found in the nucleus
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANS-✔✔observation, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion
Eukarya characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Unicellular or multi-cellular organisms that contain a membrane- bound nucleus
- Include examples such as paramecium, mushrooms, orchids, and humans
Bacteria characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Unicellular prokaryotes that can be found almost anywhere, including soils, water, air, and our bodies
- Include examples such as E. Coli
- Unicellular prokaryote that absorbs, photosynthesizes, or chemosynthesizes food
Archaea characteristics - ANS-✔✔1. Thrive in extreme environments such as thermal vents, sulfur springs, or acid mines.
- Absorb or chemosynthesize food
- Unicellular prokaryote thought to be most closely related to domain Eukarya
Levels of classifications, Most inclusive to least inclusive: - ANS-✔✔Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
"Dear King Philip cried out for good soup"
State of Biological balance: - ANS-✔✔homeostasis
General characteristics of life (8): - ANS-✔✔Homeostasis, Reproduction, development, movement, organization, adaptations, response to stimuli, use of materials and energy
Polar - ANS-✔✔electrons are shared unequally
Likes water(hydrophilic)
Acids - ANS-✔✔substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
HCl: Hydrochloric acid
HCl: H+ + OH-
Bases - ANS-✔✔Substances that take in hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions
NaOH: Na+ + OH-
Octet Rule - ANS-✔✔1. Two electrons in the first shell
- No more than 8 electrons in second shell + third shell + so on
- Outermost shell is the valence shell
Electronegativity - ANS-✔✔attractiveness of atoms to electrons
Boiling and freezing points of water - ANS-✔✔Freezing: 0 celcius, 32 Farenheight
Boiling: 100 celcius, 212 Farenheight
Organic Molecules - ANS-✔✔have at least carbon and hydrogen
Polymers - ANS-✔✔Formed by carbohydrates and nucleic acids, monomers form together to form polymers
Monomers - ANS-✔✔small molecule that is a subunit of polymers, ex. glucose is a monomer of starch
Monosaccharides - ANS-✔✔Single sugar, simple sugars
pentose, hexose, glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
Hydrolysis - ANS-✔✔Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
For every bond broken, one water molecule needs to be added
Disaccharide - ANS-✔✔2 sugars
Polysaccharide - ANS-✔✔complex carbohydrates; structural components, short term energy storage
Four levels of protein structure: - ANS-✔✔1. Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
- Secondary - coils or folds in a particular way
- Tertiary - folding, 3d shape of a polypeptide; globular proteins
- Quaternary - multiple folded polypeptides forming more than one polypeptide
Prions - ANS-✔✔misfolded proteins
can cause mad cow disease
Nucleotide - ANS-✔✔at least one phosphate group, a pentose(5-carbon sugar), nitrogen containing base
Cell wall - ANS-✔✔maintains the shape of the cell
Glycocalyx - ANS-✔✔sugar coat, polysaccharides found outside cell wall, help cells stick to surfaces, capsule layer(hard to wash off), slimy layer(easy to wash off)
Cytoplasm - ANS-✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Nucleoid - ANS-✔✔A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Plasmid - ANS-✔✔extra-chromosomal DNA in a prokaryote.
Ribosomes - ANS-✔✔site of protein synthesis
cyanobacteria - ANS-✔✔bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis; blue-green algae
Thylakoid - ANS-✔✔where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for production of carbohydrates
Flagellum - ANS-✔✔A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
Fimbria - ANS-✔✔A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
Conjugation Pili - ANS-✔✔involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another
Organelle - ANS-✔✔A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Endosymbiotic theory - ANS-✔✔theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
Cytoskeleton - ANS-✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Nuclear pore - ANS-✔✔a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm - ANS-✔✔Fluid inside the nucleus
Chromatin - ANS-✔✔DNA and associated proteins
Chromosomes - ANS-✔✔Carriers of genetic information
Nucleolus - ANS-✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
mRNA - ANS-✔✔messenger RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANS-✔✔An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Rough ER - ANS-✔✔Ribosomes are attached, synthesizes protein, continuous w/ the nuclear envelope
- Microtubules: Tubulin, move substances across cells, "railroad" for vesicles, help separate chromosomes
Centrosome - ANS-✔✔the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell
Centriole - ANS-✔✔9 triplets of mictotubules
