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BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW
ecology - correct answer scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment biosphere - correct answer part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere species - correct answer group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring population - correct answer group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area community - correct answer assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area ecosystem - correct answer collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment biome - correct answer group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities autotroph - correct answer organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer producer - correct answer organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph
photosynthesis - correct answer process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches chemosythesis - correct answer process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates heterotroph - correct answer organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer consumer - correct answer organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph herbivore - correct answer organism that obtains energy by eating only plants carnivore - correct answer organism that obtains energy by eating animals omnivore - correct answer organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals detritivore - correct answer organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter decomposer - correct answer organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter food chain - correct answer series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten food web - correct answer network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
phytoplankton - correct answer population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton food vacuole - correct answer small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food cilium - correct answer short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells contractile vacuole - correct answer Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell prokaryote - correct answer unicellular organism lacking a nucleus nitrogen fixation - correct answer process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia virus - correct answer a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells bacteriophage - correct answer virus that infects bacteria retrovirus - correct answer virus that contains RNA as its genetic information gene pool - correct answer combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population relative frequency - correct answer number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur
single-gene trait - correct answer trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles polygenic trait - correct answer trait controlled by two or more genes directional selection - correct answer form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve stabilizing selection - correct answer form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end disruptive selection - correct answer form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle genetic drift - correct answer random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations evolution - correct answer change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms theory - correct answer well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations fossil - correct answer preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism artificial selection - correct answer selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation
nucleotide - correct answer building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) base pairing - correct answer Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine chromatin - correct answer long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes histone - correct answer protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin replication - correct answer (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division DNA polymerase - correct answer enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication gene - correct answer sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait mRNA (messenger RNA) - correct answer RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - correct answer type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes tRNA (transfer RNA) - correct answer type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis transcription - correct answer process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
codon - correct answer three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid translation - correct answer decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain anticodon - correct answer group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon mutation - correct answer a change or alteration in form or qualities sex-linked genes - correct answer genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male nondisjunction - correct answer occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate homologous - correct answer term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent diploid - correct answer term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes haploid - correct answer term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes meiosis - correct answer process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell tetrad - correct answer structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
metaphase - correct answer second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell anaphase - correct answer the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles telophase - correct answer fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material cancer - correct answer disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth homologous - correct answer term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent diploid - correct answer term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes haploid - correct answer term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes meiosis - correct answer process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell tetrad - correct answer structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis crossing-over - correct answer process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Nucleus - correct answer Controls the cell Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane - correct answer controls what enters and leaves the cell Cell wall - correct answer structure and support of plant cell Mitochondria - correct answer site of cellular respiration. releases energy from food to make atp Vacuoles - correct answer storage of food water and waste Chloroplasts - correct answer site of photosynthesis. makes food (glucose) for plant cell Ribosomes - correct answer site of protein synthesis - not membrane bound Prokaryotes - correct answer is a single-celled organism (bacteria) that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelles Eukaryote - correct answer any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. Osmosis - correct answer water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with no energy needed Diffusion - correct answer movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration; no energy needed
