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BIOLOGY EOC STUDY GUIDE
What is the study of Biology? - correct answer The science that seeks to understand the living world. Studies molecules, cells, organisms, populations of a single organism, communities of populations living in the same area, and the biosphere. Contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms. - correct answer Unicellular only consists of a single cell, and multicellular organisms consist of many cells. What is homeostasis? Give an example. - correct answer Homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. Example: regulating body temperature. What are the main characteristics of life? - correct answer The main characteristics of life include: living things are made up of cells, living things reproduce, living things are based on a universal genetic code, living things grow and develop, living things use energy (metabolism), living things respond to their environment, living things maintain a stable internal environment, and living things change over time (groups change). What are the steps of a scientific method? - correct answer State the problem, research, form a hypothesis, experiment using variables, collect data, derive a conclusion. How do scientists use the scientific method? - correct answer Scientists follow the scientific method in all experiments performed to ensure proper results and data. What are the purposes of using microscopes in science? - correct answer Microscopes aid in magnifying images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
What is an element? - correct answer An element is a substance consisting entirely of one type of atom. What is an atom? - correct answer An atom is the basic unit of matter. What is a molecule? - correct answer A molecule is the smallest unit of compounds. What is a compound? - correct answer A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. Describe the atomic structure of an atom. - correct answer An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons(+) and neutrons (neutral) are formed in the nucleus. The electrons (-) orbit, or move around, the nucleus. The atomic number on the periodic table is determined by the number of PROTONS present. Describe the different types of atomic bonding (covalent, ionic, hydrogen) - correct answer Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms. Ionic bonds form when two or more electrons are transferred (lost or gained) from one atom to another. Hydrogen bonds (opposite charges) are the strongest bonds that can form between MOLECULES. Hydrogen bonds are the bonds present in a DNA molecule. What are solutions? - correct answer Solutions are a mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed. Ex: Salt Water What is the difference between a solvent and a solute? - correct answer A solvent is a substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution. A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution. What does "polarity" mean in regards to the properties of water? - correct answer Polarity involves a substance that has a distinct positive end and a distinct
What are lipids? Give an example of a lipid. - correct answer Lipids are made mostly from hydrogen and carbon atoms (consist of glycerol and fatty acids) and can be used to store energy. Examples: Oils. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Monomers are nucleotides. Describe a prokaryotic cell in comparison to a eukaryotic cell. - correct answer Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nuclei or other organelles, except cell membranes, cytoplasm, and DNA. (example:bacteria). Eukaryotic cells are much more complex, and they do contain a nucleus and organelles. (example:animals). What is the cell theory? - correct answer The cell theory states: all living things are composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Why is the surface area-to-volume ratio important in cells? - correct answer Changes in the surface area to volume ratio have important implications for limits or constraints on organism size (too large result in lack of nutrients, size and information overload, and excess of wastes) Cells splits into two cells to avoid this (mitosis) List and describe the main organelles present in an eukaryotic cell. - correct answer Cell Membrane: Doorway-allows substances in and out. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside a cell. Nucleus: Control center-brain. Nuclear Membrane: protects the nucleus. Mitochondria: powerhouse-source of energy. Endoplasmic Reticulum: transportation system. Ribosomes: protein factories Golgi bodies: post office- enzymes attach carbs Vacuole: storage tanks Lysosomes: clean up crew- break down substances. Cell Wall (plant): Fence-structure and support
Chloroplast (plant): Energy Producers-photosynthesis. What is the role of the plasma membrane? What does it mean to be selectively permeable? - correct answer The plasma membrane regulates what leaves and enters the cell and also provides protection and support. If selectively permeable, the membrane only allows certain material to enter and leave the cell. What are phospholipids? - correct answer Make up the lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules. They are amphiphlic molecule, meaning a portion can be dissolved in water and a portion that cannot dissolve in water. Describe the fluid mosaic model. - correct answer The fluid mosaic model states that the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid. The membrane's lipids and proteins can move laterally within the bilayer, like a boat on the ocean. What does the cell membrane have embedded proteins? - correct answer The proteins help substances that can not easily pass through the membrane by allowing them to pass through protein channels (faciliated diffusion) Describe multicellular organization (steps from cells to organisms) - correct answer Cells to tissue to organs to organ systems. What is passive transport? Give three examples. - correct answer Passive transport involves the movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require the input energy. Examples: diffusion, osmosis( movement from higher concentration to lower concentration, and faciliated diffusion. Hypertonic: - correct answer When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol.
electrons. After photosystem 2, the process continues to photosystem 1 (electrons are picked up by NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. What happens during the light reaction of photosynthesis? - correct answer The light dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carrieres ATP and NADPH. Describe the electron transport chain. - correct answer High energy electrons move from photosystem 11 through the electron transport chain to photosystem
What is the Calvin Cycle (dark cycle)? - correct answer The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. Need the addition of carbon dioxide! Discuss the rate of photosynthesis. - correct answer Many factors affect the rate of photosynthesis includes: water shortages, temperature, and intensity. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? - correct answer Reactants of cellular respiration include oxygen and glucose. The products are carbon dioxide, water and energy. Describe the process of glycolysis. - correct answer Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - correct answer Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. What is the outcome of the Krebs Cycle? - correct answer During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid (Acetyl-CoA) is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extraction reactions.
When does the process of fermentation take place? What are the two main types of fermentation? - correct answer Fermentation takes place when oxygen is not present during glycolysis. The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation (yeast cells) and lactic acid fermentation (muscle cells) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. What are the components present? - correct answer DNA molecules are a double-helix structure (winding staircase). DNA molecules consist of a chain of nucleotides, a sugar-phosphate backbone (covalent bonds) and hydrogen bonds holding the base pairs together. The structure of a condensed chromosome. - correct answer Chromosomes consists of 2 identical chromatids and a centromere. What is a chromatin? - correct answer Chromatin is DNA that is not condensed (in the nucleus). What is the role of histones? - correct answer Histones are globular protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin. Discuss the difference between sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes.
- correct answer Sex chromosomes determine the sex of a child (male or female). Autosomal chromosomes determine other traits (heredity). What are homologous chromosomes? - correct answer Chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent. How is a karyotype useful in genetics? - correct answer Karyotype are a set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs. Are used to examine an individual's chromosomes. Contrast a haploid cell verses a diploid cell. - correct answer Haploid cells contain only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. Diploid cells contain both sets of homologous chromosomes.
by cross-pollinating pea plants. He used Punnett Squares to determine the probability of traits being passed from one generation to another. Discuss pollination (self vs. cross) - correct answer Self-pollination includes only one plant that produces offspring identical to them. Cross-pollination is the fertilization of male sex cells in pollen from the flower on one plant with the egg cell of a flower on another plant (hybrid) What are the P, F1, and F2 generations? - correct answer P=parent generation. F1=first generation, F2=second generation. Contrast homozygous and heterozygous. - correct answer Homozygous is the term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt). Heterozygous is used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (Tt). What is a genotype? - correct answer Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organisms. What is a phenotype? - correct answer Phenotype is the physical characteristics of an organism. Discuss the Law of Segregation (alleles) - correct answer States that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes. What is the Law of Independent Assortment? - correct answer states that each chromosome (or pair) separates independently of each other to form the gametes (egg and sperm) How does probability help us understand the passing of traits from one generation to the next? - correct answer It is simply the likelihood that a certain trait will be passed on to the next generation.
What are alleles? What is their function? - correct answer Each of several alternative forms of a gene. Ex. AA or Aa, the individual A is an allele. AA is alleles for a gene. What do Punett Squares determine? - correct answer They aid in predicting the probability that certain traits will be inherited by offspring. What is a monohybrid cross? Dihybrid crosses? - correct answer A monohybrid cross involves the crossing of just one trait. Ex. AA x Aa. A Dihybrid cross involves crossing 2 traits. Ex. AABb x AaBB What is the result of incomplete dominance? - correct answer? A blending of the traits. Red flowers x White flowers = pink flower in heterozygous offspring
