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What is a heterotroph?
(humans) organisms that cannot produce their own energy- containing molecules and must obtain them by consuming form other organisms. TERM 2
What is an autotroph?
DEFINITION 2 organisms(such as green plants) that are able to obtain energy from sunlight or other environmental sources. TERM 3
What is the summary equation for aerobic
respiration?
DEFINITION 3 C6H12O6+6O2--> 6O2+6H2O+ATP+ Heat (animals and plants) TERM 4
What is the summary equation for
photosynthesis?
DEFINITION 4 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat (plants) TERM 5
What are some of the functions of bacteria in
our world?
DEFINITION 5 Bacteria are essential in the decomposition of leaf litter, in the cycling of nutrients(nitrogen, carbon and so on), and in the breakdown of hazardous materials.
What is binary fission?
(asexual reproduction) a form of cell division in which replication of the circular bacterial DNA is followed by division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two cells, each having identical genetic information. TERM 7
What is conjugation
DEFINITION 7 form of bacterial reproduction- when DNA is transferred from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell. During this process, the cell memranes of the two cells temporarily fuse, forming a cytoplasmic bridge across which genetic material is exchanged. Conjugation is not limited to organisms of the same species and therefore offers bacteria a means of acquireing new genetic material. TERM 8
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
DEFINITION 8 Bacillus, Coccus, and Spirochetes TERM 9
Bacillus?
DEFINITION 9 rod-like TERM 10
Coccus
DEFINITION 10 spherical
What are some characteristics of animals?
They are multicellular, motile during at least one stage of their life cycle, consume oxygen, lack a cell wall, and are heterotrophic. TERM 17
What did scientists use to figure out how the
animal phyla arose when there was a lack of
fossil record?
DEFINITION 17 Features of animal anatomy and embryological development have been used to construct an evolutionary tree for the animal phyla. TERM 18
What animal phylum lacks tissues?
DEFINITION 18 Sponges TERM 19
What is radial symmetry?
DEFINITION 19 Any plane through the central axis of the body divides it into mirror image halves. two embryonic tissue layers: endoderm and ectoderm. TERM 20
What is bilateral symmetry?
DEFINITION 20 A single plane down the midline of the body divides it into mirror image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have an anterior head end and a posterior tail end. Three embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
What is the body cavity?
A fluid filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall. It is only found in animals with three embryonic tissue layers. TERM 22
What is acoelom ate?
DEFINITION 22 An organism with three germ layers but no body cavity TERM 23
What is pseudocoelomate?
DEFINITION 23 an organism with three germ layers and a body cavity between the digestive tract(endoderm) and the muscle (mesoderm) TERM 24
What is coelomate?
DEFINITION 24 an organism with three germ layers and a body cavity which is completely lined with muscle (mesoderm). TERM 25
How are the two groups of coelomate animals
divided into groups?
DEFINITION 25 Based on differences in embryological development. protosomes (embryonic blastopore structure develops into the mouth) have a ventral nerve cord deuterostomes(embryonic blastopore structure develops into the anus) have a dorsal nerve cord.
What is an open circulatory system?
Blood flows freely between the body cavity and the blood vessels TERM 32
What is a closed circulatory system?
DEFINITION 32 Blood flows through the body enclosed in blood vessels. TERM 33
What are some specialized structures in the
respiratory system?
DEFINITION 33 gills, lungs, or trachea(insects) TERM 34
What is the function of the respiratory
system?
DEFINITION 34 To give the cells in the animals body oxygen to maintain its cellular functions. Oxygen combines with nutrients in the cell, releasing energy(which is used to make ATP) and producing carbon dioxide and water as end products. Some animals obtain oxygen by diffusion through their skin. TERM 35
What is segmentation?
DEFINITION 35 The repetition of similar body sections. (lobster, earthworms)
What are appendages used
for?
movement, feeding, sensory purposes, and much more. TERM 37
Describe 4 types of body support found in
animals.
DEFINITION 37 external skeleton-outside of the animal's body wall internal skeleton-inside the animal's body wall hydrostatic skeleton- support is provided in fluid contained in body compartments muscle-organs covered with mesodermally derived tissues are suspended in the coelomic fluid which, which protects them from impact. TERM 38
What is monoecious?
DEFINITION 38 Sexually reproducing organisms- each individuals have both male and female reproductive structures. TERM 39
What is dioecious?
DEFINITION 39 Sexually reproducing organisms -each individual has either male or female reproductive structures. TERM 40
What is the name of the phylum for jellyfish,
corals, and anemones?
DEFINITION 40 Cnidaria
What are the two body forms seen in
cnidarians?
the polyp which attracts to a surgace and has tentacles pointing upwards the medusa which is free-swimming, with tentacles pointing downwards (i.e jellyfish) TERM 47
What are the two ways that Hydra
reproduce?
DEFINITION 47 asexually by budding sexually with a single hydra producing either eggs or sperm TERM 48
What is a nematocyst?
DEFINITION 48 a stinging filament which shoots out from the cell at the slightest touch, to inject venom into the prey. TERM 49
What is the phylum for Ascaris?
DEFINITION 49 Nematoda TERM 50
What phylum is the earthworm in?
DEFINITION 50 Annelida
What phylum is the squid in?
Mollusca TERM 52
What are some animals in the Mollusca
phyla?
DEFINITION 52 squid, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, slugs, octopus, nautilus. TERM 53
What is the world's largest invertebrate?
DEFINITION 53 ?The giant squid, which can grow as long as sixty feet. TERM 54
What phylum is the crayfish in?
DEFINITION 54 Anthropoda TERM 55
What are some other animals in the phylum
anthropoda?
DEFINITION 55 crustaceans, spiders, insects, crayfish,
What is microbial culturing?
Microbes require speicific conditions and nutrients to grow and reproduce. Agar provides an ideal growth medium for several bacterial and fungal species. TERM 62
How would you estimate the number of
bacterial/fungal cells that originally inhabited
the surface that you cultured?
DEFINITION 62 A colony is a concentrated area of bacterial or fungal growth that results form the reproduction and growth of an original bacteria or fungus cell. Therefore, each colony you see contains hundreds of bacterial/fungal cells that are not only from the same species, but originated from the same parental cell. In theory, all the microbial cells in a colony are clones of the original microbial cell. TERM 63
What are some of the types of nervous
systems found in animals?
DEFINITION 63 nerve net, nerve ring, brain TERM 64
What are some of the sensory structures
found in animals
DEFINITION 64 eyes, ears, sensory hairs, TERM 65
asexual reproduction
DEFINITION 65 Asexual reproduction is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization.
sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is characterized by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity. TERM 67
budding
DEFINITION 67 Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. TERM 68
transverse fission
DEFINITION 68 Strobilation or transverse fission is a form of asexual reproduction consisting of the spontaneous transverse segmentation of the body. TERM 69
What is a cnidocyte?
DEFINITION 69 venom-containing cells used to capture prey by cnidarians TERM 70
gastrovascular cavity
DEFINITION 70 Gastro vascular cavity, as the name indicates, functions in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body.(gut)
If there is a decrease in CO2 what is
happening? What is there is an increase in
CO2?
Decrease= there is more photosynthesis than aerobic respiration increase= more respiration than photosynthesis TERM 77
sea star
DEFINITION 77 aboral it the top surface oral is the bottom of the sea start where the mouth is located 5 arms tube feet are on the button and have suckers ... these are used for locomotion
