Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Biomolecules and Cellular Structures, Exams of Biology

A comprehensive overview of the fundamental building blocks of life, including anabolic and catabolic processes, the scientific method, and the key macromolecules that make up living organisms. It covers topics such as the structure and function of cells, the properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as experimental techniques for identifying and quantifying these biomolecules. The document delves into the intricate details of cellular components, metabolic pathways, and the scientific principles underlying biological phenomena. It serves as a valuable resource for students and researchers interested in understanding the molecular basis of life and the experimental approaches used to study these complex systems.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/19/2024

BetaTutors
BetaTutors ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

4.5

(4)

1.5K documents

1 / 11

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
BIO 101 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE AND
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS.
What is Biology? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Study of life; encompasses everything
-biomolecular biology and technology have brought around a new era
for biology
What are the major characteristics of Life? -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1)
reproduction (DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid); double helix shape;
stores genetic info)
2) cellular respiration (used to create energy) (metabolism; need it to
perform basic functions of life; food (carbs, proteins, lipids/fats,
vitamins/minerals)
3) adaptation/evolve (over large periods of times traits of
organizations)
modified
4) growth and development (DNA lays out the "plan")
5) organization (very specific; organization of organs/structure)
6) cells (basic building blocks of life; need only one to be considered
living)
7) respond (response to stimuli (light, touch, heat, etc.); need in order
to survive)
What is a cell? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - basic building blocks of life
- not always apparent; first seen with a microscope
- cells were discovered by Hook in 1655
- first cells discovered were from cork
- theory wasn't generally accepted due to the challenge of trying to
convince people of this drastic change
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download Biomolecules and Cellular Structures and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

BIO 101 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS

WITH COMPLETE AND

ACCURATE SOLUTIONS.

What is Biology? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Study of life; encompasses everything -biomolecular biology and technology have brought around a new era for biology What are the major characteristics of Life? -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1) reproduction (DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid); double helix shape; stores genetic info)

  1. cellular respiration (used to create energy) (metabolism; need it to perform basic functions of life; food (carbs, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins/minerals)
  2. adaptation/evolve (over large periods of times traits of organizations) modified
  3. growth and development (DNA lays out the "plan")
  4. organization (very specific; organization of organs/structure)
  5. cells (basic building blocks of life; need only one to be considered living)
  6. respond (response to stimuli (light, touch, heat, etc.); need in order to survive) What is a cell? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - basic building blocks of life
  • not always apparent; first seen with a microscope
  • cells were discovered by Hook in 1655
  • first cells discovered were from cork
  • theory wasn't generally accepted due to the challenge of trying to convince people of this drastic change

What is cell theory? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - proposed in 1800's

  • lowest level of structure performs all characteristics of life
  • arise from previously existing cells What is metabolism? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - energy breakdown; needed for food
  • glucose is the "best"
    • C6H12O6 (formula for glucose)
  • breaks (catabolic reaction) down to carbon dioxide and water [ CO2 + H2O] Difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - anabolic- building up of molecules, etc.
    • i.e.: anabolic steroids (build up muscle)
  • catabolic- breaking down of molecules Bean Beetle Lab -- Answer โœ”โœ” - learn how to determine if alive or dead
  • if alive, beetles should be giving off carbon dioxide
  • if dead, bean beetles may be giving off CO2 but only because the decomposition process
  • CO2 measured in ppm
  • calculate amount per bean beetle x (ppm)/ number of bb = ppm/bb every 15 mins = [x / # of bb] / 15 every 1 hour = [x/ #of bb] x 4 every sec = [x / # of bb] / 60
  • used loggerpro prgm; used CO2 probe Are viruses alive? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - depends on what you argue
  • relies on a host cell to reproduce What is science? -- Answer โœ”โœ” - latin "to know"
  • asking questions about nature
  • believe questions can be answered Steps of the Scientific Method -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1) Make an Observation
  1. Ask a question
  • parts of a microscope
    1. eyepiece (what you look through)
    2. ocular lens ( tube that adds 10 x the magnification)
    3. objective lens ( revolving noise piece: 4x, 10x, 40x)
    • magnification is actually: 40x, 100x, 400 x
    1. stage (holds the specimen, moves up/down/left/right)
    2. slide clip (holds the slide in place)
    3. condenser (allows light to pass through; can adjust)
    4. light source
    5. fine knob adj. (small knob on side)
    6. coarse know adj. (big knob on side)
  • wet mount slide: how to slide water onto a slide for a sample Magnification vs. Resolving Power -- Answer โœ”โœ” - magnification: ratio of object size to real size
  • resolving power: measure of image clarity
  • inverse relationship:
    • mag. increases, resol. decreases
    • resolve increases, mag. decreases SEM (scanning electron microscope) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - resolve smaller structure
  • focuses beam of electrons through specimen onto surface
  • can see large molecules TEM (transition electron microscope) -- Answer โœ”โœ” - study internal structure of cells
  • electron beams through thin section of specimen stained with atoms of a heavy metal Light Microscope -- Answer โœ”โœ” - uses mirrors and lights
  • most basic type of microscope
  • magnifies effectively 1,000x
  • can see organelle structures surrounded by a cell membrane Lab Time with Cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” - air bubbles: be sure to identify them
  • can identify onion cells: will be able to see nucleus, cell wall, and outer membrane
  • plant cells: (stain with iodine)
    • can see cell wall, plasma (cell membrane), centeral valuole, nucleus, cytoplasm
  • animal cells: (stain with methylene blue)
    • can see plasma (cell membrane), nucleus, cytoplasm Plant Cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” - cell wall (only in plants; nonliving layer; structure)
  • central vacuole (fills entire center of cell; fluid; stockpiles proteins and ions; stores wastes and defensive compounds)
  • nucleus ("brain"; directs production of compounds in cell)
  • cytoplasm ("liquid", holds all the organelles in place)
  • cell membrane (regulates what goes in and out; protection/barrier; structure- keeps everything in) Animal Cells -- Answer โœ”โœ” - plasma (cell membrane)
  • nucleus -cytoplasm Organism to Molecules -- Answer โœ”โœ” organisms- cells- molecules- atoms
  • molecules are atoms joined together by some chemical bond Atoms -- Answer โœ”โœ” - fundamental building blocks of life
  • made up of protons, electrons, neutrons
  • carbon is most important
    • building block of life
    • 4 elements make up almost everything (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen)
    • covalent bond (single); four make up most common form with carbon and hydrogen
  • macromolecule: biological molecules that are large
    • made up of C, O, H, N strung together
  • includes simple sugars (monosaccrides)
  • most contain 5 to 6 C (1:2:1 ration)
    • C5H10O
    • C6H12O
  • metabolism sugars (-ose)
    • glucose (C6H12O6)
    • fructose (C6H12O6)
  • the individual comp. are the same just structure is different -important carbs:
    1. starch (stored by plant for later use)
    2. cellulose (makes up cell walls; most abundant organic compound on Earth)
    3. glycogen (stores glucose for energy; in animal cells; muscles and liver)
    4. chitin (important to insects; exoskeleton) Disaccharides -- Answer โœ”โœ” - 2 monomers
  • 2 sugar monomers
  • uses dehydration process
  • maltose, sucrose, lactose (examples) Maltose -- Answer โœ”โœ” - formed by joining glucose and glucose Sucrose -- Answer โœ”โœ” - formed by joining fructose and glucose
  • table sugar
  • tends to be sweetest Lactose -- Answer โœ”โœ” - formed by joining glucose and galactose
  • one reason for being lactose intolerant Lab Time with Sugar -- Answer โœ”โœ” - determined which sugar dissolved in water was sweetest -water was the control Polysaccharide -- Answer โœ”โœ” - big string of sugar monomers
  • functions as energy storage (hydrolyzed as needed)
  • building material for cells "kick start"

Starch -- Answer โœ”โœ” -what plant stores in cell walls and other organelles

  • when we eat plants we are breaking down the starch to make energy
  • to test for starch use Iodine Lab time with Starch -- Answer โœ”โœ” - indicator solution: iodine
  • positive test: color change
  • negative test: no color change
  • tested filter paper, notebook paper, cracker
  • a good qualitative and quantitative test Lab time with Sugars -- Answer โœ”โœ” - indicator solution: benedicts solution (detects simple sugar only)
  • positive test: changes color from blue to orange
  • should test for glucose and fructose
  • not test for sucrose or water
  • good qualitative and quantitative test Lipids/ Fats -- Answer โœ”โœ” - insoluble in water
  • major types: (animal- solid at room temp.; plant- liquid at room temp.)
  • fats assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration
  • consists largely of molecular triglycerides
  • tri. (three)- glycerol (alcohol)
  • each fatty acid releases 3 waters
  • fat is good for insulation, protection, and energy storage Lab time with Lipids -- Answer โœ”โœ” - indicator solution: Sudan III dye
  • stains CH2 groups of lipids
  • positive test: stains red/dark red color
  • good qualitative test
  • not a very good quantitative test but still is Phospholipids -- Answer โœ”โœ” - major component to the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
  • helps keep cells together, regulates what goes in and out

Types of Proteins -- Answer โœ”โœ” - enzymes (catalytic proteins): regulates movement of molecules through metabolic pathways

  • not consumed by the reaction (as long as you have a substrate)
  • structural proteins (very complex structure)
    1. hemoglobin: carries all the oxygen throughout the body; composed of 4 proteins; heme group -where oxygen combines; gives red blood cells color
    2. collagen: makes up 1/3 of all body parts (humans) i.e.: skin, ligaments, tendons, etc.
    3. keratin: forms protective covering of land vertebrates (i.e. hair, nails, claws, etc.); also in our dead skin cells (helps keep moisture in) Structure of Proteins -- Answer โœ”โœ” - very complex structure
  • different order of structure based on a hierarchy
    1. primary structure: just amino acids connected in one strand (like a ribbon)
  1. secondary structure: folding/ coiling; strengthens a whole lot (i.e. spider silk)
  2. tertiary structure: taking secondary "coil" and folding all over the place
  3. quaternary structure: only 1 protein with more than one chain of amino acids (i.e. hemoglobin) Lab Time with Proteins -- Answer โœ”โœ” - indicator solution: biuret reagent
  • stains peptide bond
  • positive test: blue to a darker purple
  • good qualitative test
  • protein: BSA Graphind Data and Standard Curves -- Answer โœ”โœ” - independent and dependent variables
  • standard curve
    1. have to know concentration to plot against unknown substance
  1. read absorbance (how much light a substance can absorb)
  • colorimeter: tool that shows absorbance of light (measures the transmittance of light)
  • pass light through substance
  • darker the solution; greater absorbance
  • lighter the solution; less absorbance
  • test amount of absorbance in the amount of protein of a substance (independent= protein; absorbance= dependent)