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Which |of |the |following |types |of |graphics |would |be |most |useful |in |demonstrating |the |frequency |of |a |given |outcome |as |it |relates |to |an |ordinal |variable? |- |correct |answer |✔histogram 5 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 According |to |the |data, |which |measure, |is |a |better |measure |of |dispersion? |- |correct |answer |✔standard |deviation Misclassification |bias |often |occurs |in |case-control |studies. |- |correct |answer |✔True The |incidence |rate |of |X |disease |in |patients |receiving |the |new |medication |is |calculated |by: |- |correct |answer |✔patients |who |are |receiving |the |new |medication |and |have |X |disease |/ |total |follow-up |(years) |of |the |patients |who |are |receiving |the |new |medication |( |times |(x) | 1000 |to |make |a |whole |number |if |necessary) |(a/b |if |set |up |in |correct |way) A |design |that |is |a |very |detailed |report |of |the |specific |features |of |a |particular |participant |or |case |is |known |as? |- |correct |answer |✔case |report The |Cumulative |incidence |is |computed |as |the |number |of |persons |who |develop |a |disease |during |a |specified |period |over |the |number |of |persons |examined |at |baseline |- |correct |answer |✔false
1,000 |people |are |enrolled |in |a |10-year |cohort |study. |At |the |start |of |the |study, | 100 |have |diagnosed |CVD. |Over |the |course |of |the |study, | 80 |people |who |were |free |of |CVD |at |baseline |develop |CVD. |What |is |the |cumulative |incidence |at | 10 |years? |- |correct |answer |✔0.089 |= |80/900: |the |number |of |new |events |or |cases |of |disease |divided |by |the |total |number |of |individuals |in |the |population |at |risk |for |a |specific |time |interval. Biostatistics |is |integral |to |the |field |of |epidemiology, |which |is |defined |as |study |of |health |and |illness |in |human |populations, |patterns |of |health |or |disease, |and |the |factors |that |influence |these |patterns. |- |correct |answer |✔True The |best |numerical |summaries |for |dichotomous, |ordinal, |and |categorical |variables |are |relative |frequencies. |- |correct |answer |✔true Incidence |of |disease |is |the |proportion |of |individuals |with |the |condition |(disease) |at |a |single |point |in |time |- |correct |answer |✔false The |following |data |were |collected |as |part |of |a |study |of |coffee |consumption |among |graduate |students. |The |following |reflect |cups |per |day |consumed: |3, |4, |6, | 8 |,2, |1, |0, |and |2. |The |standard |deviation |is |approximately |4. |- |correct |answer |✔false: |use |excel |to |find |stdev(). Assume |a |new |measure |of |Intelligence |Quotient |(or |IQ) |has |been |developed. |The |mean |IQ |for |the |population |is | 100 |and |the |standard |deviation |is |15. |The |standard |deviation |indicates |the |average |distance |an |individual |data |value |is |from |the |mean |is |about | 15 |IQ |points. |- |correct |answer |✔true
Which |type |of |study |design |can |assess |temporal |relationship? |- |correct |answer |✔a |cohort |study A |fungal |meningitis |outbreak |has |been |traced |back |to |a |particular |compound |pharmacy |selling |a |specific |injectable |drug |that |is |suspected |to |have |been |contaminated. |In |the |past | 4 |weeks |15,051 |patients |were |given |the |medication, |and |of |those |patients | 72 |individuals |contracted |fungal |meningitis. |What |is |the |cumulative |incidence |for |meningitis |among |those |individuals |who |the |medication |was |administered |to? |- |correct |answer |✔cumulative |incidence: |the |number |of |new |events |or |cases |of |disease |divided |by |the |total |number |of |individuals |in |the |population |at |risk |for |a |specific |time |interval. =72/15051 |=> |0.0048. Two |types |of |medical |devices |used |for |knee |replacement |are |being |studied |to |see |if |the |type |of |knee |replacement |used |affects |the |rate |of |infection |for |a |specific |bacterial |infection. |The |infection |rate |for |a |specific |bacterial |infection |after |surgery |for |device |A |is |0.0043. |The |rate |for |the |same |bacterial |infection |is |0.0121 |for |device |B. |How |does |the |risk |of |developing |the |bacterial |infection |in |individuals |using |device |B |compare |to |the |risk |of |developing |the |bacterial |infection |in |individuals |using |device |A? |- |correct |answer |✔Individuals |using |device |B |are |2.814 |(.0121/.0043) |times |more |likely |to |develop |the |bacterial |infection |of |interest |than |individuals |using |device |A. The |best |measure |of |central |tendency |for |systolic |blood |pressure |readings |obtained |from |a |population |of | 7 |individuals |whose |systolic |blood |pressure |readings |were |101, |104, |108, |109, |111, |112, |and | 160 |is |the |mean. |- |correct |answer |✔false
Understanding |biostatistical |principles |is |critical |to |public |health |education. |- |correct |answer |✔true The |following |data |were |collected |as |part |of |a |study |of |tea |consumption |among |undergraduate |students |in |England. |The |following |reflect |cups |per |day |consumed: 5 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 According |to |the |data |the |median |is: |- |correct |answer |✔4. The |mean |is |the |best |measure |of |typical |value |(central |tendency) |when |they |are |outliers |present |in |the |data. |- |correct |answer |✔false The |applicability |of |the |research |results |to |a |specific |population |obtained |from |a |biostatistics |study |is |best |determined |by |which |of |the |following? |- |correct |answer |✔The |inclusion |and |exclusion |criteria |of |the |study. Confounding |is |usually |a |major |issue |in |cohort |studies |- |correct |answer |✔True The |most |appropriate |study |design |depends, |among |other |things, |on |the |distribution |of |- |correct |answer |✔The |risk |factor |in |the |population |of |interest |& |The |outcome |in |the |population |of |interest What |is |the |incidence |rate |of |coronary |artery |disease |in |patients |receiving |placebo |approximately: | Info |given: |placebo |+ |coronary |artery |disease |= |28. |Total |follow-up |(years) |+ |placebo |= | 2750 |- |correct |answer |✔28/2750 |= |0.01018 |x | 1000 |=> | 10 |per | 1000 |person-years.
Odds |ratio |can |be |used |to |approximate |the |relative |risk |when |the |disease |under |study |is |rare. |- |correct |answer |✔true The |proportion |of |the |sample |with |disease |is |computed |by |taking |the |ratio |of |the |number |with |disease |to |the |total |sample |size. |- |correct |answer |✔true Calculate |the |lower |quartile |of |the |data |set |for |the |blood |glucose |levels |of | 10 |individuals |whose |blood |glucose |readings |were |as |follows: |88, |97, |101, |104, |104, |107, |109, |117, |121, |and |147. |- |correct |answer |✔101.0 |in |excel: |"=QUARTILE(A1:A10,1)" |or |for |third |quartile: |"=QUARTILE(A1:A10,3)" Risk |difference |may |sometimes |be |referred |to |as |excess |risk. |- |correct |answer |✔True Confounding |is |the |major |issue |in |clinical |trials. |- |correct |answer |✔false Two |thousand |are |enrolled |in |a |20-year |cohort |study. |At |the |start |of |the |study, |No |one |was |diagnosed |with |cardiovascular |disease. |Over |the |course |of |the |study, | 100 |people |who |were |free |of |cardiovascular |disease |at |baseline |develop |cardiovascular |disease. |The |prevalence |of |cardiovascular |disease |at |baseline |is |0. |- |correct |answer |✔True: |Prevalence |= |?the |proportion |of |persons |in |a |population |who |have |a |particular |disease |or |attribute |at |a |specified |point |in |time |or |over |a |specified |period |of |time.? What |is |the |ideal |study |design |from |a |statistical |point |of |view? |- |correct |answer |✔Clinical |trial
In |a |study |measuring |the |frequency |of |pain |scores |of |patients |on |a |scale |from | 1 |to | 10 |for |a |specific |type |of |pain |relief |therapy, |the |pain |score |variable |would |best |be |described |as |which |type |of |variable? |- |correct |answer |✔ordinal |variable Five |hundred |people |are |enrolled |in |a |10-year |cohort |study. |At |the |start |of |the |study, | 50 |have |diagnosed |CVD. |Over |the |course |of |the |study, | 40 |people |who |were |free |of |CVD |at |baseline |develop |CVD. |The |prevalence |of |CVD |at | 10 |years |is |10% |- |correct |answer |✔false Among |individuals |who |eat |a |healthy |diet |and |exercise |frequently |the |point |prevalence |of |hypertension |is |0.09. |Individuals |subject |to |poverty, |making |it |more |difficult |for |them |to |eat |a |healthy |diet |and |exercise |frequently, |have |a |0.31 |point |prevalence |for |hypertension. |What |is |the |risk |difference |between |the |two |groups? |- |correct |answer |✔.22: |risk |difference |= |difference |in |point |prevalence, |cumulative |incidence, |or |incidence |rates |(PP,ex |- |PP,unex |/ |CI,ex |- |CI,unex |/ |IR,ex |- |IR,unex) |= |.31 |- |.09 |= |. Race |is |an |example |of |which |type |of |variable? |- |correct |answer |✔categorical |variable Calculate |the |mean |blood |glucose |level |for |a |study |measuring |the |blood |glucose |levels |of | 10 |individuals |whose |blood |glucose |readings |were |as |follows: |88, |97, |101, |104, |104, |107, |109, |117, |121, |and |147. |- |correct |answer |✔109. Calculate |the |point |prevalence |for |Alzheimer's |disease |among |individuals | 65 |years |of |age |or |older |in |a |county |that |has |200,000 |individuals |who |are | 65 |years |of |age |or |older, |if |22,223 |individuals |who |are | 65 |years |of |age |or |older |have |the |disease. |- |correct |answer |✔.1111 |: |PP |= |# |of |ppl |with |disease |/ |# |of |ppl |examined |a |baseline: |22,223/200,000 |= |.
