Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

bird diversity in NADIA district, Thesis of Ecology and Environment

biodiversity documentation in NADIA DISTRICT

Typology: Thesis

2018/2019

Uploaded on 07/27/2019

madhuban123
madhuban123 🇮🇳

1 document

1 / 8

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
~68~
International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2016; 3(4): 68-75
ISSN 2347-2677
IJFBS 2016; 3(4): 68-75
Received: 11-05-2016
Accepted: 12-06-2016
Madhuban Datta
Assistant Professor,
Department of Zoology,
Nabadwip Vidyasagar College,
Nabadwip, Nadia, West Bengal,
India.
Correspondence:
Madhuban Datta
Assistant Professor,
Department of Zoology,
Nabadwip Vidyasagar College,
Nabadwip, Nadia, West Bengal,
India.
Status, guild and diversity of avian fauna from a
wetland site and surroundings, in Krishnagar, a City
beside tropic of cancer, West Bengal, India
Madhuban Datta
Abstract
A total of 98 taxa of avifauna belonging to 46 families has been recorded in a survey carried out from
November 2012 to March 2016 at a wetland site (Sadhanpara Beel) and surroundings located in
Krishnagar Block II, West Bengal, beside tropic of cancer. This is the first report of the avian diversity
from the area. The site provided habitat to 59 species o f resident, 16 species of winter migratory, 15
species of local migratory and 8 species o f summer migratory bird. Among the feeding guilds,
insectivores dominate in species strength (31.63%) closely followed by carnivores (25.51%), omnivores
(19.38%), frugivore and grainivore (8.16%), piscivore (5.10%) and nec tarivores (2.04%). Survey shows
that the landscape is visited by one Near threatened (Black headed Ibis), one Vulnerable (Lesser Adjutant
stork) and one Critically endangered (Indian vulture) occasionally. The results of relative diversity (RD)
index showed that Accipitridae (RD value = 7.14) was the dominant family in the area. This is the first
report of avifaunal diversity from the area. The present check list will provide baseline information for
the bird diversity in and around the area.
Keywords: Avifaunal diversity, Status, Guild, Krishnagar Block II, West Bengal, India
1. Introduction
Birds can indicate the overall habitat quality and act as bioindicators of inhabited areas [1].
When birds are dependent on the habitat functioning in specific ways, the population trends of
birds can tell us about how well the ecosystem is functioning. Indian subcontinent, a part of
the vast Oriental Bio-geographic regions, is very rich in biodiversity. There are approximately
9,990 bird species recorded in our planet out of which, the Indian subcontinent is home to
1,313 bird species (over 13%) [2]. Population of bird is a very sensitive indicator of degree of
pollution in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem [3 , 4]. Avifauna are also important for the
ecosystem as they play various roles as scavenger, pollinators, seeds dispersal agent and
predators of insect pest [5, 6]. Unfortunately global diversity of birds is decreasing due to
anthropogenic activities and climate changes [7 , 8]. In the latest assessment in IUCN Red List,
2015, 1,375 species of birds are considered to be threatened with extinction globally out of
which 84 are from India [9]
As compared to importance of other states as a sanctuary towards very few habitats from West
Bengal has been thoroughly and systematically surveyed. Datta [10] reported the avifaunal
diversity from two wetlands of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, Mukherjee and Gupta [11]
recorded a total of 20 species of birds belonging to 8 families from Santragachi wetland. Roy
et al. [12] studied avifaunal diversity in three different national parks and reserve forest in North
Bengal and founded a total of 117 bird species belonging to 42 families. Dubey et al. [13]
surveyed Jaldapara national park and found 99 taxa of birds in two consecutive years. Ganguly
[14] made a comparative study on status of migratory water birds from different wetlands from
eastern India. Patra and Chakrabarti [15] observed 86 bird species belonging 10 orders and 35
families in Digha in West Bengal. Pramanik et al. [16] studied biodiversity in Kulik Bird
Santuary in Raigang, West Bengal and observed 29 bird species with 20 families. Some
reports of avifaunal diversity from Murshidabad district are also available [17, 18]. However,
surprisingly avifaunal diversity reports from district Nadia as a whole are practically
nonexistent except one report from Bhattacharya et al. [19]. Krishnagar, district headquarters of
Nadia, West Bengal, India, due to its unique geographical location beside the tropic of cancer
and presence of Bahadurpur and Bethuadahari forest stretch is bound to harbour a rich
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8

Partial preview of the text

Download bird diversity in NADIA district and more Thesis Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity!

International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2016; 3(4): 68-

ISSN 2347-

IJFBS 2016; 3(4): 68-

Received: 11-05- Accepted: 12-06-

Madhuban Datta Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nabadwip, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Correspondence: Madhuban Datta Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nabadwip, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Status, guild and diversity of avian fauna from a

wetland site and surroundings, in Krishnagar, a City

beside tropic of cancer, West Bengal, India

Madhuban Datta

Abstract

A total of 98 taxa of avifauna belonging to 46 families has been recorded in a survey carried out from November 2012 to March 2016 at a wetland site (Sadhanpara Beel) and surroundings located in Krishnagar Block II, West Bengal, beside tropic of cancer. This is the first report of the avian diversity from the area. The site provided habitat to 59 species of resident, 16 species of winter migratory, 15 species of local migratory and 8 species of summer migratory bird. Among the feeding guilds, insectivores dominate in species strength (31.63%) closely followed by carnivores (25.51%), omnivores (19.38%), frugivore and grainivore (8.16%), piscivore (5.10%) and nectarivores (2.04%). Survey shows that the landscape is visited by one Near threatened (Black headed Ibis), one Vulnerable (Lesser Adjutant stork) and one Critically endangered (Indian vulture) occasionally. The results of relative diversity (RD) index showed that Accipitridae (RD value = 7.14) was the dominant family in the area. This is the first report of avifaunal diversity from the area. The present check list will provide baseline information for the bird diversity in and around the area.

Keywords: Avifaunal diversity, Status, Guild, Krishnagar Block II, West Bengal, India

1. Introduction

Birds can indicate the overall habitat quality and act as bioindicators of inhabited areas [1]^.

When birds are dependent on the habitat functioning in specific ways, the population trends of

birds can tell us about how well the ecosystem is functioning. Indian subcontinent, a part of

the vast Oriental Bio-geographic regions, is very rich in biodiversity. There are approximately

9,990 bird species recorded in our planet out of which, the Indian subcontinent is home to

1,313 bird species (over 13%) [2]^. Population of bird is a very sensitive indicator of degree of

pollution in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem [3, 4]^. Avifauna are also important for the

ecosystem as they play various roles as scavenger, pollinators, seeds dispersal agent and

predators of insect pest [5, 6]. Unfortunately global diversity of birds is decreasing due to

anthropogenic activities and climate changes [7, 8]^. In the latest assessment in IUCN Red List,

2015, 1,375 species of birds are considered to be threatened with extinction globally out of

which 84 are from India [9]

As compared to importance of other states as a sanctuary towards very few habitats from West

Bengal has been thoroughly and systematically surveyed. Datta [10]^ reported the avifaunal

diversity from two wetlands of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, Mukherjee and Gupta [11]

recorded a total of 20 species of birds belonging to 8 families from Santragachi wetland. Roy

et al. [12]^ studied avifaunal diversity in three different national parks and reserve forest in North

Bengal and founded a total of 117 bird species belonging to 42 families. Dubey et al. [13]

surveyed Jaldapara national park and found 99 taxa of birds in two consecutive years. Ganguly

[14] made a comparative study on status of migratory water birds from different wetlands from

eastern India. Patra and Chakrabarti [15]^ observed 86 bird species belonging 10 orders and 35

families in Digha in West Bengal. Pramanik et al. [16]^ studied biodiversity in Kulik Bird

Santuary in Raigang, West Bengal and observed 29 bird species with 20 families. Some

reports of avifaunal diversity from Murshidabad district are also available [17, 18]^. However,

surprisingly avifaunal diversity reports from district Nadia as a whole are practically

nonexistent except one report from Bhattacharya et al. [19]^. Krishnagar, district headquarters of

Nadia, West Bengal, India, due to its unique geographical location beside the tropic of cancer

and presence of Bahadurpur and Bethuadahari forest stretch is bound to harbour a rich

collection of avian fauna. With this frame of mind the present

study was conducted in different habitats of the study area

viz., wetlands (beel), roadside plantation, forest areas and

orchards, located in Krishnagar Block II, to record avian

diversity from November, 2012 to March 2016. This

communication presents the first detailed account of the

avifaunal assemblages from the reported site.

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Study Area

This wetland site (23.500594 0 N, 88.404089 0 E) is reported

from Krishnagar block II, located 20 km towards North from

district head quarters Krishnagar, Nadia (Figure 1 and 2)

about 125 km from State capital Kolkata. Krishnagar (23.4°N

88.5°E) is famous for its unique geographical location beside

the tropic of cancer (23°26'5"N 88°28'2"E).

Fig 1: Location map of the study area

The wetland site is locally known as a Sadhanpara beel (a

billabong or a lake-like wetland with static water), covering

an area of 1.25sqkm (length 2.5km; breadth: 0.5km). The

average water depth is 1.6m. The beel has recently been

earmarked for intensive aquaculture by Sadhanpara

cooperative society of fishermen. It is a completely rural area

with no urban area under it. The study site also included an

area of about 3 km east of the beel including roadside

plantations, mango and bamboo orchards and a stretch of

forest area with the nearest habitation located about 3 km

away.

Fig 2: Google earth image of the study site

20 Indian vulture Gyps indicus r R CR C BURHINIDAE 21 Indian thick knee Burhinus indicus r LM LC I CAPRIMULGIDAE 22 Large tail nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus uc R LC I CERYLIDAE 23 Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudius uc R LC C CICONIIDAE 24 25

Asian Open billed stork Lesser adjutant stork

Anastomus oscitans Leptoptilos javanicus

uc r

LM

LM

LC

VU

C

C

CISTICOLIDAE

26 Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius c R LC I CHARADRIIDAE 27 28

Red wattled lapwing Little ringed plover

Vanellus indicus Charadrius dubius

uc o

R

WM

LC

LC

I

I

CORACIIDAE

29 Indian roller Coracias benghalensis o R LC C CORVIDAE

30 31 32 33 34

House crow Rufous treepie Large billed/jungle crow Black headed cuckoo shrike Common iora

Corvus splendens Dendrocitta vagabunda Corvus macrorhynchos Coracina melanoptera Aegithina tiphia

uc c uc uc uc

R

R

R

SM

R

LC

LC

LC

LC

LC

C

F

C

I

I

CUCULIDAE

Asian koel Pied cuckoo GreaterCoucal/crow pheasant

Eudynamys scolopaceus Clamator jacobinus Centropus sinensis

c uc c

R

SM

R

LC

LC

LC

F,I

O

COLUMBIDAE

Ring dove Spotted dove Red collared dove Yellow footed green pigeon

Streptopelia capicola Spilopelia chinensis Streptopelia tranquebarica Treron phoenicoptera

c c uc c

R

R

R

R

LC

LC

LC

LC

G

G

G

G

DICRURIDAE

42 Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus c R LC C ESTRILDIDAE

43

44

Silver bill munia (Indian silver bill) Spotted/ Scaly Breasted munia

Lonchura malabarica Lonchura punctulata

uc o

R

SM

LC

LC

G

G

HALCYONIDAE

White breasted Kingfisher Stork billed kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis Pelargopsis capensis

c uc

R

R

LC

LC

C

C

HIRUNDINIDAE

47 Barn swallow Hirundo rustica uc SM LC I JACANIDAE

48 49

Bronze winged Jacana Pheasant tailed jacana

Metopidius indicus Hydrophasianus chirurgus

c uc

R

R

LC

LC

C

C

LARIDAE

50 Common tern Sterna hirundo r WM LC P LANIIDAE 51 52 53

Bay backed shrike Southern gray shrike Long tailed shrike

Lanius vittatus Lanius meridionalis Lanius schach

r uc uc

LM

LM

SM

LC

LC

LC

I

I

I

LEIOTHRICHIDAE

54 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata c R LC O MOTACILLIDAE 55 56

Eastern Yellow wagtail Pied/white wagtail

Motacilla tschutschensis Motacilla alba

uc uc

WM

WM

LC

LC

I

I

MEGALAIMIDAE

Lineated barbet Blue throated barbet Coppersmith barbet

Megalaima lineata Megalaima asiatica Megalaima haemacephala

uc c uc

LM

LM

LM

LC

LC

LC

F

F

F

MEROPIDAE

Blue-tailed Bee-eater Green bee eater

Merops philippinus Merops orientalis

uc c

SM

R

LC

LC

I

I

MUSCICAPIDAE

Oriental magpie robin Pied bushchat Humes leaf warbler

Copsychus sauleris Saxicola caprata Phylloscopus humei

c uc r

R

R

WM

LC

LC

LC

I

I

I

NECTARINIIDAE

Purple sunbird Purple rumped sunbird

Cinnyris asiaticus Leptocoma zeylonica

c uc

WM

WM

LC

LC

N

N

ORIOLIDAE

67 Eurasian Golden oriole Oriolus oriolus c R LC I PARIDAE 68 Great tit Parus major o SM LC I PASSERIDAE 69 House sparrow Passer domesticus c R LC G PICIDAE

Yellow crowned woodpecker Black rumped flameback Fulvous breasted woodpecker Streak throated woodpecker

Dendrocopos mahrattensis Dinopium benghalense Dendrocopos macei Picus xanthopygaeus

r c c r

R

R

R

R

LC

LC

LC

LC

I

I

I

I

PHALOCROCRACID

AE

Little cormorant Indian Cormorant Great cormorant

Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Phalacrocorax carbo

c c uc

R

R

LM

LC

LC

LC

P

P

P

PHASIANIDAE

77 Grey francolin Francolinus pondicerianus uc R LC O

PLOCEIDAE 78 Baya weaver Ploceus phillipinus uc R LC O PODICIPEDIDAE 79 Little Grebe (Dabchick) Tachybaptus ruficollis c R LC P PSITTACIDAE 80 Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri c R LC G PYCNONOTIDAE 81 82

Red vented Bulbul Red Whiskered Bulbul

Pycnotus cafer Pycnotus jocosus

c o

R

R

LC

LC

F

F

RALLIDAE

White breasted Water hen Common coot Common Moor hen Purple swamp hen

Amaurornis phoenicurus Fulica atra Gallinula chloropus Porphyrio porphyrio

c o c uc

R

LM

LM

LM

LC

LC

LC

LC

O

O

O

O

RHIPIDURIDAE

White throated fantail flycatcher

Rhipidura albicollis r SM LC I

SCOLOPACIDAE 88 89 90

Pin tailed Snipe Marsh sandpiper Common sandpiper

Gallinago stenura Tringa stagnatilis Actitis hypoleucos

uc uc c

WM

WM

WM

LC

LC

LC

O

I

I

STRIGIDAE

91 Indian eagle-owl Bubo bengalensis o R LC C STURNIDAE

92 93 94 95

Common/INDIAN myna Brahminy myna/starling Rosy starling Pied Myna

Acridotheres tristis Sturnus pagodarum Pastor roseus Sturnus contra

c o o c

R

R

WM

R

LC

LC

LC

LC

O

O

F

O

THRESKIORNITHID

AE

96 Black headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus r LM

NT

BRS

C

UPUPIDAE

97 Hoopoe Upupa epops uc R LC I

The winter migratory birds like Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon,

Common teal, Grey Heron, Wagtails (Eastern yellow and

pied), Pin tailed Snipe, Sandpiper (Marsh and Common)

displayed a definite pattern specific to species for arrival at

and departure from various wetland. They appeared at the

area from November and stayed up to March. The peak of

winter population of migratory birds was observed during the

months of December to February. The basic requirements of

migratory birds at their wintering ground are adequate food

supply and safe [28]^ , which are fulfilled by Sadhanpur beel,

nearby agricultural fields and orchards and the nearby forest

area of Bahadurpur.

Out of the 98 species recorded Lesser Adjutant Stork

( Leptoptilos javanicus ) is currently enlisted as Vulnerable (V)

in IUCN category, Black headed Ibis ( Threskiornis

melanocephalus ) belongs to Near threatened (NT) category,

moreover it is also categorized as Biome Restricted Species

(BRS) by Bird life International and Indian vulture ( Gyps

indicus ) is categorized as Critically endangered (CR). Though

these three species were sighted only twice or thrice during

the study period but it proves they probably use the site as a

stop over site or a potential resting place during their journey.

All the other listed species belonged to Least concerned

category of IUCN.

The bird composition of a site depends on the vegetation

structure. Existences of trees, bushes, creepers are very

important to them [29, 30]^. More complex vegetation structure is

associated with greater diversity. The agricultural fields

surrounding the study site, and plantations surrounding the

beel probably provided shelter and suitable foraging grounds

for the wetland birds. Sadhanpur beel and surrounding muddy

area provided different food sources like fish, crustaceans,

invertebrates, water plants and plankton which further added

to the diversity of birds. The diversity of the land birds could

be associated due to the presence of varied types of habitat

and microhabitats available in the roadside plantations,

bamboo and mango orchards and the narrow forest patch.

Among the winter migratory birds Gadwall, Cotton pygmy

goose and Pin tailed snipe were the most abundant. Lesser

whisteling duck ( Dendrocygna javanica ) were encountered

throughout the year though there abundance was much higher

in winter. Besides the other common water birds were Indian

cormorant ( Phalacrocorax fuscicollis ), Cattle egret ( Bubulcus

ibis ), Common Moor hen ( Gallinula chloropus ) and Bronze

winged Jacana ( Metopidius indicus ). White-Breasted

Kingfisher ( Halcyon smyrnensis ), the State Birds in West

Bengal in family Halcyonidae was found in the beel and

surrounding agricultural field. The most common land birds

found in the study site were Red vented Bulbul ( Pycnotus

cafer ), Black Drongo ( Dicrurus macrocercus ), Indian Myna

( Acridotheres tristis ), Rosy starling ( Pastor roseus ), Ring

Dove ( Streptopelia capicola ), Spotted Dove ( Spilopelia

chinensis ), Jungle Babbler ( Turdoides striata ) and Rufous

Treepie ( Dendrocitta vagabunda ).

Based on the abundance (frequency of sightings), 15 species

were identified as rare, 32 uncommon, 35 common and 16

occasional. The residential status of the birds were identified

as Residential (60.20%), winter migratory (16.32%), summer

migratory (8.16%) and local migratory (15.30%) (Figure 4).

The composition of birds in major feeding guilds in the study

area showed that the insectivore guild was the most common

with 31.63% species followed by carnivore (25.51%),

omnivore (19.38%), frugivore and grainivore (8.16%),

piscivore (5.10%) and nectarivore (2.04%) (Figure 5).

Fig 4: Residential status of the avian fauna at the study site

Fig 5: Guild wise percentage of the bird species found at the study site

4. Conclusion

The place is situated 8-9 km North-west from Purbasthali

oxbow lake (Chupi char), Burdwan which is known to be a

rich abode for avian fauna [31]^. The famous Bethuadahari

wildlife sanctuary is located about 15 km north and

Bahadurpur forest range and Hansadanga beel is located 15

km towards South. Above all the site is located very near the

tropic of cancer. Thus the place is expected to show a rich

avian diversity as is evident from the present study. The

present check list will provide baseline information for the

bird diversity in and around the area. However, due to

increasing anthropogenic activities all wetlands are under

threat [10, 32]^ and it is therefore important to earmark this area

as a rich abode of avian fauna and necessary action to

preserve the biodiversity should be adopted by the state

government immediately. The site also holds an immense

potential to be developed as a tourist spot with few

improvisations as it is located within 30km from Mayapur, the

head quarter of International Society for Krishna

Consciousness (ISKCON) and world famous Vaishnav

pilgrim place. This report provides the first extensive study of

the bird fauna of this region and its potential to be developed

as a haven for bird watchers and a tourist spot.

5. Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the Principal

Nabadwip Vidyasagar College to kindly permit the time and

necessary help to carry out the work. She would also like to

acknowledge the help of Mr. Koustav Biswas, an ex-student

of the department of Zoology for helping in the survey and

documentations during the study.

6. References

1. Blair RB. Birds and butterflies; surrogate taxa for

assessing biodiversity? Ecological Application. 1999;

2. Grimmett R, Inskipp C, Inskipp T. Pocket guide to the

birds of the Indian subcontinent. Oxford University Press,

New Delhi, India. 1999.

3. Gaston AJ. Methods for estimating bird populations J

Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 1975; 72:271-283.

4. Hardy AR, PI Stanley, SPW Greeing, Birds as indicator

of the intensity of use of agricultural pesticide in UK. In:

The value of birds. (Eds.: A.W. Diamond and F.N.

Falion) Tech Publ. 1987; 6:119-121.

5. Niemi GJ. Patterns of morphological evolution in bird

genera of New World and Old World Peatlands Ecology.

6. Padmavati A, Alexandar R, Anbarashan M. Our Nature.

7. Chen IC, Hill JK, Ohlemüller R, Roy DB, Tho-mas CD.

Rapid range shifts of species asso-ciated with high levels

of climate warming Science. 2011; 333:1024-1026.

8. Sekercioglu CH, Primack RB, Wormworth J. The effects

of climate change on tropical birds Biological

Conservation. 2012; 148:1-18.

9. Bird Life International. IUCN Red List for birds. 2015.

http://www.birdlife.org/2015. Accessed on 06 June,

10. Datta T. Human interference and avifaunal diversity of

two wetlands of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, Journal of

Threatened Taxa. 2011; 3(12):2253-2262.

11. Mukherjee A, Gupta S. Assessment of avifaunal diversity

of santragachi wetland, west-bengal, India. Ecology,

Environment and Conversation Paper. 2012; 18(2):357-

12. Roy US, Banerjee P, Mukhopadhyay SK. Study on

avifaunal diversity from three different regions of North

Bengal, India, Asian Journal of Conservation Biology.

13. Dubey SK, Chakraborty DC, Gupta S, Mitra M,

Bhattacharya R, Neogy AB. Avian Diversity in the

Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal, India with a Notes

on their Habitat Association and Feeding Guild, The India

forester. 2015; 141(10):1092-1101.

14. Ganguly S. Diversity and temporal variation of migratory

water birds of some selected wetlands from eastern India.

Species. 2015; 13(40):42-50.

15. Patra G, Chakrabarti S. Avian Diversity in and around

Digha, District-East Midnapore (West Bengal, India),

Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology. 2014; 5:596-

16. http://www.scirp.org/journal/abb,http://dx.doi.org/10.

6 /abb.2014. 57070

17. Pramanik AK, Santra KB, Manna CK. Abundance and

Diversity of Plants and Animals in the Kulik Bird

Sanctuary, Raiganj, West Bengal, India, J Biodiversity.

18. Mistry J. Avifaunal diversity in and around Berhampore,

Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India, International

Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 2015; 2(4):06-

19. Mistry J, Mukherjee S. Status and threats of water birds

in ahiran lake, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.

International journal of plant, animal and environmental

sciences. 2015; 5(2):60-64.

20. Bhattacharya R, Roy R, Das R. Diversity and distribution

of local birds beside the tropic of cancer, International

Journal of environmental sciences. 2013; 3(5):1321-1329.

21. Sutherland WJ. Ecological Census Techniques: A

Handbook, 2nd Edition Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, 1996.

22. Ali S. The Book of Indian Birds. (12th revised edition).

Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1996.

23. Ali S, Ripley SD. Handbook of the Birds of India and

Pakistan. Oxford University Press. New Delhi, 1987.

24. Canaday C. Loss of insectivorous birds along gradient of

human impact in Amazonia Biological Conservation.

25. Fogden M P L. The seasonality and population dynamics

of equatorial forest birds in Sarawak Ibis. 1972; 114:307-

26. Wells DR. The birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Non-

passerines. London: Academic Press, 1999, 1.

27. Wells DR. The birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula.

Volume II: Passerines. London: Christopher Helm, 2007.

28. Basavarajappa S. Avifauna of Agro ecosystem of Maidan

area of Karnataka Zoo’s Print. 2006; 21(4):2217-2219.

29. Lakshmi BB. Avifauna of Gosthani estuary near

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Journal for Nature

Conservation. 2006; 18(2):291-304.

30. Harisha M, Hosetti B. Diversity and distribution of

avifauna of Lakkavalli range forest, Bhadra wildlife

sanctuary, Western Ghat, India. 2009; 16:21-27.

31. Hargrove L, Rotenberry JT. Spatial structure and

dynamics of breeding bird populations at a distribution

margin, southern California, Journal of Biogeography.

32. Biswas A, Sen D, Bhar S, Mitra B. An overview of

anthropogenic effects on avian diversity in Purbasthali

oxbow lake, Indian Journal of Social and Natural

Sciences. 2013; 2277-6117 2(1):78-85.

33. Baral HS, Inskipp C. Important Bird Areas in Nepal: Key

Sites for Conservation Kathmandu, Nepal and Cambridge

Bird Conservation Nepal and Bird Life International,