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BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING (NURISNG), Summaries of Nursing

Centro Escolar University (CEU)Nursing

BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING (NURISNG)

Typology: Summaries

2011/2012

Available from 05/27/2022

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BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING
A. BLOOD
-Serves as a medium of exchange between fixed cells of the body and the external
environment; possesses protective properties.
* Aqueous Component (PLASMA) is composed of 91-92% water and 8-9 % solids.
* Cellular Component
A. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) - For transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Lifespan is 120 days
B. White blood cells (Leukocytes) – Responsible for infection control
C. Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Control bleeding
* Blood is produced in the bone marrow in the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum of adults.
* Normal blood volume for adults is 5-6 liters.
B. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood (e.g., plasma or
erythrocytes) into the venous circulation.
* Blood Donation
> Donors should NOT SUFFER from:
1. Hepatitis
2. Syphilis or Malaria
3. Exposure to AIDS or HIV virus
4. Skin infection
5. Asthma, urticaria or any allergy
6. Tooth extraction within 72 hours
7. Exposure to infectious diseases within 3 weeks
8. Cancer
9. Drug abuse
> Donors should have no history of:
1. Blood transfusion within 6 months
2. Recent tattoo
3. Recent immunization (1 month for measles; 1 year for rabies)
pf3
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BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING

A. BLOOD

- Serves as a medium of exchange between fixed cells of the body and the external environment; possesses protective properties.

  • Aqueous Component (PLASMA) is composed of 91-92% water and 8-9 % solids.
  • Cellular Component A. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) - For transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Lifespan is 120 days B. White blood cells (Leukocytes) – Responsible for infection control C. Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Control bleeding
  • Blood is produced in the bone marrow in the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum of adults.
  • Normal blood volume for adults is 5-6 liters.

B. BLOOD TRANSFUSION

  • The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood (e.g., plasma or erythrocytes) into the venous circulation. *** Blood Donation

Donors should NOT SUFFER from:**

  1. Hepatitis
  2. Syphilis or Malaria
  3. Exposure to AIDS or HIV virus
  4. Skin infection
  5. Asthma, urticaria or any allergy
  6. Tooth extraction within 72 hours
  7. Exposure to infectious diseases within 3 weeks
  8. Cancer
  9. Drug abuse > Donors should have no history of:
  10. Blood transfusion within 6 months
  11. Recent tattoo
  12. Recent immunization (1 month for measles; 1 year for rabies)

> Minimal requirements for donors

  1. Body weight > 50 kgs (110 lbs.) for a standard 450 ml donation.
  2. Within the age bracket of 17-65 years (NOT <17 years or >65 years)
  3. Regular and normal pulse rate
  4. Oral temperature NOT greater than 37.5 degree Celsius.
  5. BP = 90 - 180 mmHg 50 - 100 mmHg
  6. Hemoglobin level for females at least 12.5 g/dl
  7. Hemoglobin level for males at least 13.5 g/dl C. BLOOD TYPINGABO SYSTEM that identifies type of polysaccharide (sugar) antigens on the surface of RBC membranes.  RHESUS SYSTEM (Rh factor) – Rh+ has antigen D (85% of the population); Rh- has no antigen D (minority)  ANTIGEN TYPES: A, B also called agglutinogens because they cause antibody reaction.  AGGLUTININS OR ANTIBODIES BLOOD TYPES AGGLUTINOGENS (Antigens)

AGGLUTININS

(Antibodies) O - A and B A A B B B A AB A and B -  Most common type is Type A and O.  No individual can have the same antigen and antibodies because that person’s system would attack his/her own cells.  Blood transfusions must be matched to the patient’s blood type to prevent hemolytic reaction or destruction of red blood cells. D. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

  1. Explain the procedure and its purpose to the client. Instruct the client to promptly report any sudden chills, nausea, itching, rash, dyspnea, back pain, or other unusual symptoms.
  2. The preferred needle size is from Gauge 18 to 20 and the solution must be normal saline solution.
  1. Note adverse reactions such as chilling, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes or tachycardia. The earlier a transfusion reaction occurs, the more severe it tends to be. Identifying such reactions promptly help minimize its consequences.
  2. Record the time blood was given, including vital signs, type of blood, blood unit number, sequence number, site of the venipuncture, size of the needle and drip rate.
  3. 15 minutes after initiating the transfusion, check vital signs of the client. Establish the required flow rate if there are no signs of adverse reaction. Do not transfuse a unit of blood for longer than 4 hours. Most adults can tolerate receiving one unit of blood in 1 ½ to 2 hours.
  4. Terminate the transfusion. If another transfusion is to follow, clamp the blood tubing and open the saline infusion arm. Blood transfusion sets are changed within 24 hours or after 4 to 6 units of blood per agency protocol.
  5. Discard the administration set according to agency practice. Dispose needles in a labeled puncture-resistant container designed for such disposal. Blood bags and administration sets should be bagged and labeled before sending for decontamination and processing. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS AND NURSING INTERVENTIONS REACTION: CAUSE CLINICAL SIGNS NURSING INTERVENTIONS Hemolytic reaction : Incompatibility between client’s blood and donor’s blood Chills, fever, headache, backache, dyspnea, cyanosis, chest pain, tachycardia, hypotension
  6. Immediately discontinue the transfusion. NOTE: When transfusion is discontinued, remove the blood tubing as well. Use a new tubing for the normal saline infusion.
  7. Keep the vein open with Plain Normal Saline Solution or according to agency protocol.
  8. Send remaining blood, filter, a sample of the client’s blood, and a urine sample to the laboratory.
  9. Notify the physicians immediately.
  10. Monitor vital signs
  11. Monitor fluid intake and output. Febrile Reaction: Fever, chills, warm, flushed 1. Discontinue the

Sensitivity of the client’s blood to white blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins. skin, headache, anxiety, muscle pain transfusion immediately

  1. Give antipyretics as ordered.
  2. Notify the primary caregiver.
  3. Keep the vein open with normal saline solution. Allergic Reaction (mild): Sensitivity to infused plasma proteins. Flushing, itching, urticaria, bronchial wheezing 1.Stop or slow the transfusion, depending on the agency protocol.
  4. Notify the primary caregiver.
  5. Administer the antihistamine as ordered. Allergic Reaction (severe): Sensitivity to infused plasma proteins. Dyspnea, chest pain, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest.
  6. Stop the transfusion.
  7. Keep the vein open with normal saline solution.
  8. Notify the primary caregiver.
  9. Monitor the vital signs. Administer CPR if needed.
  10. Administer medication and/or oxygen as ordered. Circulatory Overload: Blood administered faster than the circulation can accommodate Cough, dyspnea, crackles, distended neck veins, tachycardia, hypertension
  11. Place the client in the upright position with feet dependent.
  12. Stop or slow the transfusion.
  13. Notify the primary caregiver
  14. Administer diuretics and oxygen as ordered. Sepsis: Contaminated administered blood High fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension
  15. Stop the transfusion.
  16. Keep the vein open with normal saline solution.
  17. Notify the primary caregiver
  18. Administer IV fluids and antibiotics. 5.Obtain blood specimen from the client for culture
  19. Send the remaining blood and tubing to the laboratory