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BMS 300 Exam 1 Colorado State
questions with answers
Electric Dipole Moment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Neutral molecule with uneven charge distributions (partial charges) e.g. H2O Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentrations e.g. Volatile Perfume distributing through the air Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Diffusion of WATER through a membrane e.g. Aquaporins (biological proteins) Hydrophilicity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Water Loving" e.g. Charged ions that interact with the Electric Dipole Moment in water. (Soluble) Hydrophobicity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Water Fearing" e.g. molecules with equal distribution of charge such as Triglycerides (Insoluble) Amphipathicity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Both Water "Fearing and Loving" e.g. Phospholipids in water
Glycerol - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔3 Carbon Alcohol (OH) Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔3 Fatty Acid Chains on Glycerol formed by Ester Bonds Ester Bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Created from Dehydration Synthesis to make a C-O-C bond in Triglycerides (Leaves Behind a Water Molecule) Dehydration Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Carboxylic end of Fatty Acid Chain attaches to Glycerol to create an Ester Bond and Water Molecule Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Saturated-Single bond Unsaturated-Double bond Phospholipid - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Remove a fatty acid chain and add a charged phosphate head group to make it Amphipathic Micelle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Single layer of UNSTABLE phospholipids (Due to Dipole Moment)
Beta Pleated Sheets - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids Tertiary Structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Orientation of the R-groups makes 3D shape based on interactions with water (Will create the lowest thermodynamic state) RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ribonucleic Acid that is always synthesized in the nucleus as mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. Each performs different functions mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Carries genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in order to make proteins rRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Directs translation of mRNA into proteins tRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Transfers amino acids to respective codon of rRNA to make proteins Hydrophilic Pathway Channels - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Made of at least 4 alpha Helices to allow certain molecules to pass through the membrane.
Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA provides a template for RNA to translate into protein Histone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA binding protein to allow chromosomes to tightly wrap like a spool. Nuclear Pore - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Regulates Access to the cytoplasm Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Protein Builders" that are free to live in the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER. 3 Proteins from Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Secreted - Leaves the cell Lysosomal - creates lysosomes Transmembrane - on membrane Glycosylation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Attaching sugars to proteins produce glycoproteins Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Finalizes proteins by modifying 3D shape(Sent from ER to Golgi)
DNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔5 carbon sugar made up of bases (ATCG) that links together in a phospho-diester bond Purines - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Adenine and Guanine Bases that Pyrimidines - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thymine and Cytosine Number 5 Carbon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔5th carbon on DNA that has a triphosphate attached. It can then be removed to create a bond on the 3rd carbon Anti-Parallel Organization of DNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A-T C-G DNA Replication - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Basis of life on the planet that is "Semi conserved" Always read from 3' to 5' end Helicase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔breaks down H-bonding and unwinds the helix
DNA Polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Adds a base pair to each base on newly broken strand in 3' to 5' direction Leading Strand - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The first new strand to be created in 3' to 5' end Lagging Strand - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Second strand created after Leading and goes in 3' to 5' end but reverse direction Primers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bits of RNA that stick to DNA Promoter - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sequence of bases that provides the "Start Here Signal" Transcription Factor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Binds to promoter and says it is the start of a gene RNA Polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription. Introns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cut Out sections of the sequence of Pre-mRNA
Epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sheet of cells that form lining that is continuous to the outside world Basal Lamina - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bottom side of the epithelium (Apical is top side) Stratified Epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Epidermis, multi-layered epithelial cells Integrin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔transmembrane protein that binds to extracellular proteins Hemidesmosome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Anchors E cells to Basal Lamina Desmosome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Symmetrical and holds the adjacent cells together Keratin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fibrous protein found in Epithelial Cells Cadherin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A joining protein which spans the gap between Occluding junction, and desmosome junction
Occluding Junction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Block/dam spaces in between the epithelial cells Communicating Junction (Gap) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔provides a bridge between cells made out of proteins called connexons. formed with six in a circle, R groups face inward, Hydrophobic outside Glandular Epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Duct of cells in the layers of epithelial cells Carcinomas - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cancerous epithelial cells Connective tissue proper - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Made of Fibrocytes, which secrete extracellular matrix. e.g. Tendons, ligaments, Dermis. Cartilage - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Consists of Fibro, elastic, and Hyaline cartilage. They are proteins created by Chondrocytes Bone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mineralized as Calcium phosphate with extracellular Collagen. Created by osteocytes. Blood - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hematopoietic stem cell embedded in protein matrix
Autocrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Self" Releasing/Secreting hormones/chemicals to iteself Paracrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Near" secretes Hormones so a nearby cell can take it with receptors True Endocrine Response - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Far" Secretes Hormones that will pass through endothelium of blood vessels and travel to distant sites in the body Hormones - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Modified proteins and peptides(Hydrophilic), Modified Cholesterol(Steroid/hydrophobic), Modified Amino Acids(Tyrosine Growth factor), Modified Fatty Acids (Prostaglandins) Hormone-Receptor Interaction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Based on the Dissociation constant, determines the likelihood that a receptor will bind to the hormone. Specificity(Choosy) and Affinity(Stickiness) also play a role Dissociation Constant - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Kd- concentration at which half of receptors are bound.
G-Protein Coupled Receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔7-pass transmembrane proteins that binds to GDP binding protien. Binds to the hormone with a receptor end on N-terminus. GDP binding protein - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Composed of Alpha, Beta, Gamma. when a signal is present it will change to GTP and alpha will be cleaved off. Adenylyl Cyclase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔will activate the GTP attached to alpha. Converts ATP to cyclic AMP (CAmP) CAmP - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Activates protein kinase A (PKA) Kinase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Enzyme that covalently attaches PO4- to Amino Acids Hormone Functions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1)effect exo/endocytosis 2)Alter enzyme activity 3)Alter ion channel activity 4)Alter gene expression/Protein synthesis Diacyl glycerol - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Activates protein Kinase
Systemic Vasculature - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Between Ant. Pituitary and Target Gland
