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BMS 300 Exam 4 CSU exam questions
with correct answers
Maltase, Lactase and Sucrase are all ________________________ that function as enzymes to break down their respective disaccharide. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔transmembrane proteins Where would you expect to find blood that is Oxygen poor, but nutrient rich? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hepatic portal vein How does glucose get into the hepatic portal system? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Glut2 on the basilar side of the enterocytes Lipase converts triglycerides into a monoglyceride and 2 molecules of fatty acids in the unstirred layer of the small intestines. (t or f) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔False The Na+ driven co-transporters for glucose and amino acids are located on what side of the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔apical The ability to digest the milk sugar lactose is unique to mammals. At the time of weaning, this gene is normally turned off by a regulatory gene located upstream from the lactase gene. A single base change in
the regulatory gene can prevent it from inactivating the lactase gene and permit the persistence of lactase expression into adulthood. These spontaneous mutations in the regulatory gene have occurred independently in several human populations. About 8000 years ago such a mutation occurred in one individual in central Norther Europe. This individual and his or her offspring had such a selective advantage that in some Northern European populations 90- 95% of the population have the mutant regulatory gene. In two East African cultures, singl nucleotide changes in the regulatory gene, which are distinct from one another and different from the European mutation, have imparted lactase persistence in these populations. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔duct, from the lumen into epithelial cell The products of the disaccharideas described in the statement enter the ______________ and are converted to _________________ in hepatocytes.
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hepatic portal blood, glycogen Smooth muscle concentration in the _______________ would decrease Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔afferent arteriole Blocking the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter with the diuretic furosemide (Lasix) would occure in the - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔thick segment of ascending limb
In the Bohr effect, blood pH falls, and is most pronounced in __________________ where the _________ is higher than ______________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the tissues, PCO2, in the lung The hormone secretin: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔regulates generation and secretion of HCO3- in pancreatic duct cells At an altitude of 25,000 feet above sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 280 mmHg. In the alveoli of the lungs, the percentage of O2 is 15%. For curve C in the accompanying O2 dissociation curve, the percent saturation of hemoglobin in the alveolus under these conditions would be between? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔70% and 90% GLUT 2 is a high capacity facilitated transporter found in the plasma membranes of hepatocytes. It is also found in the ____________________ membranes of ___________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔basolateral, enterocytes Extremely low protein diets lead to difficulties in maximally __________________ because of the lack of ____________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔concentrating urine, amino acids
Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol and either glycine or taurine. These molecules are generated by _____________________ and work to ________________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hepatocytes, disperse fat blobs into droplets Individuals with the mutated regulatory gene can digest lactose as adults, and convert lactose into: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose After breathing in and out rapidly (hyperventilation), arterial PCO levels will _______________ resulting in a(n) _______________________ in the urge to breathe. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔decrease, decrease Shortly before birth, Type II pneumocytes begin to produce surfactant which __________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔decreases alveolar surface tension, increases lung compliance The neurons in the brainstem that monitor __________________ that is generated from CO2, dissolved in the ___________________ to help regulate the breathing rhythm. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔H+, cerebrospinal fluid The effect of epinephrine on B2 adrenergic receptors on bronchiolar smooth muscle is to: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔decrease resistance to air flow in conducting zone
The sinusoids in the liver carry - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔oxygenated blood from hepatic artery, nutrient rich blood from SI The bicarbonate(HCO3-)/Cl- exchanger brings a Cl- ion into the cell in exchange for moving a bicarbonate ion into the extracellular space. You would expect to find such exchangers: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔on the apical membranes of parietal cells in the stomach, on the basilar membranes of pancreatic duct cells The ability to digest the milk sugar lactose is unique to mammals. At the time of weaning, this gene is normally turned off by a regulatory gene located upstream from the lactase gene. A single base change in the regulatory gene can prevent it from inactivating the lactase gene and permit the persistence of lactase expression into adulthood. These spontaneous mutations in the regulatory gene have occurred independently in several human populations. About 8000 years ago such a mutation occurred in one individual in central Norther Europe. This individual and his or her offspring had such a selective advantage that in some Northern European populations 90- 95% of the population have the mutant regulatory gene. In two East African cultures, singl nucleotide changes in the regulatory gene, which are distinct from one another and different from the European mutation, have imparted lactase persistence in these populations. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔disaccharide, TMP in enterocyte microvilli The product of lastase are transported across the _______________ enterocyte membrane by a _______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔basilar, facilitated transport molecule or apical, Na+ driven cotransporter The ability to digest the milk sugar lactose is unique to mammals. At the time of weaning, this gene is normally turned off by a regulatory gene located upstream from the lactase gene. A single base change in the regulatory gene can prevent it from inactivating the lactase gene and permit the persistence of lactase expression into adulthood. These spontaneous mutations in the regulatory gene have occurred independently in several human populations. About 8000 years ago such a mutation occurred in one individual in central Norther Europe. This individual and his or her offspring had such a selective advantage that in some Northern European populations 90- 95% of the population have the mutant regulatory gene. In two East African cultures, singl nucleotide changes in the regulatory gene, which are distinct from one another and different from the European mutation, have imparted lactase persistence in these populations. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔synthesized on rough ER, glycosylated in ER and golgi, packaged in vesicles, be incorporated in plasma membrane via exocytosis In which portion of the nephron do we find epithelial cells that are virtually impermeable to ions and contain aquaporins? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔descending limb Most of the glucose reabsorbtion in the kidney occurs in the: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔PCT
In which part of the nephron does hormone-regulated reabsorption of sodium primarily occur? What is the hormone? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔distal convoluted tubule, aldosterone The ______________ are a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that release ATP in resposne to Na+ levels. ATP binds to purinergic receptors on smooth muscle surrounding the afferent arteriole, causing ____________________ and thereby lowering glomerular capillary pressure. This is called tubuloglomerular feedback. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔macula densa, vasoconstriction Two solutions are separated by a membrane enriched in aquaporins. The solution on the left contains 50 mmol NaCl. The solution on the right contains 100 mmol albumin, an important plasma protein. Which of the following statements is correct? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔water will not flow because osmotic forces are balanced In cases of dehydration, you would expect blood levels of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) to be _____________ and the number of aquaporins in eipthelial cells of the collecting duct to be ____________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔high, high What is the order through which fluid flows in the nephron? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bowman's capsule, PCT, descending limb, ascending limb, DCT, collecting duct, renal calyx, ureter
The kidneys receive 20% of _____, the vasa recta descend into the _____ of the kidney, dilating the afferent arteriole _____ blood pressure in glomerulus, _____ wrap around PCT and DCT, constricting efferent arteriole _____ blood pressure in glomerulus. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cardiac output, medulla, increases, peritubular capillaries, raises In the epithelium of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, ______ moves into the cells by _______ and leaves the cells by ________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sodium ion; diffusion; na/k atpase How does renin increase blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔increase vasopressin release, increase aldosterone release, work in conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which can then be activated by ACE
