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BMS 300 FINAL EXAM with correct
answers
Dipole Moment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Partial negative and partial positive charge What causes surface tension? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrogen bonding Hydrophilic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"water loving" Hydrophobic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"water fearing" Hydration Shell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Water surrounding the ions Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Movement of ions from high to low concentrations Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Diffusion of water Amphipathic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"both loving"
Characteristics of the head group - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrophilic, charged, phosphodiestor bonds Characteristics of the tail - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrophobic, uncharged, ester bonds. Characteristics of proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Made up of amino acids, have polypeptides, includes enzymes, structural elements, and transmembrane proteins Characteristics of Transmembrane Proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Has a lumen that is a hydrophilic pathway, allows movement of ions, and has R-groups. Hydrophobic interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic interacts with pathway/lumen Characteristics of prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Archea and bacteria. Single celled, no membrane bound "organs", free floating DNA (circular) Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fungus plants and animals. Multi- cell, organelles, nucleus (DNA compacted) What is contained in the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA
Secreted proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Destined to leave the cell What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fat processing Characteristics of the mitochondira - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔It is ATP. Is double layered, and is passed down from the mom only What is the lysosome similar to? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A garbage disposal Characteristics of long transport - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Polymer: microtubules. Monomer: tubulin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): kinesin is positive directed and dynein is negative directed Characteristics of local transport - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Polymer: filamentous actin. Monomer: globular actin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): mysoin. Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA ---replication---> DNA --- transcription---> RNA ---translation---> protein
What part of the central dogma occurs in the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Replication and Transcription What part of the central dogma occurs in the cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Translation What part of the central dogma is semi-conservative? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Replication What does semi-conservative mean? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When creating more DNA we don't destroy the original two strands, rather we keep them. Helicases - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Unwinds the DNA, and breaks hydrogen bonds Characteristics of DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Reads 3' to 5'. Adds 5' to 3'. Has phosphodiester bonds. What is RNA synthesized from? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA What are the DNA bases? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A, T, G, C
Characteristics of the ribosome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔5' to 3'. Links amino acids via peptide bonds tRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Transfer RNA. Has the anti-codon and carries amino acids to the ribosomes. Signal Recognition Particle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔(SRP). Stops translation and moves the rough ER SRP receptor characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Located on the rough ER membrane and binds to SRP to help guide ribosomes to protein translocater (translocon) Characteristics of translocon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Transmembrane protein (on rough ER), aid proteins entering the lumen of the ER (to integrate proteins into ER membrane) If there is a signal peptide where does it go? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lysosome If there is no signal peptide where does it go? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cytoplasm rRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ribosomal RNA
mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Messenger RNA. Convey genetic info from DNA to ribosomes. What are the four types of tissue? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Characteristics of Epithelial Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Form layers. Has polarity orientation (apical vs. basilar). Avascular (contains no blood). Reproduce themselves. Primary Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Amino acid strings and polypeptide chain Secondary Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Aplha helix, beta pleated sheet, caused by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Due to R-groups and has a 3-D shape. Tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A large mass of similar cells that make up an organism and perform a specific function
What does basilar mean? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Faces the basal lamina (usually near the blood) What is all connective tissue derived from? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mesenchyme What do fibrocytes/fibroblasts create? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Connective tissue proper (dermis, tendons, and ligaments) What do chrondroblasts create? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cartilage (fibrocartiledge, hyaline, elastin) What do osteocytes create? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bone What do hematopoetic stem cells create? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Blood Diaphysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The middle/long section of the bone Epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The top/bottom part of the bone.
Medullary Space - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hollow center part of the bone. It is hallow so that the bone is not too heavy What is the medullary space filled with? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Yellow bone marrow What does the medullary space alow - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fat storage Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Bone builder." Secretes collagen and hydroxyapetite Collagen - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Prevents sheer/lateral forces (sideways forces) Hydroxyapetite - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Prevents compression forces Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Bone builder" They are mature osteocytes Osetoclasts - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"Bone breaker." Secrete acid which breaks down bone
Steroid Hormone Characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cholesterol based. Hydrophobic. Cyctoplasmic receptor (binds intracellular). Acts a transcription factor. Slow. What does the hypothalamus release? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hormones Where are the ligand gated channels (for Na or Cl) aka stretch activated channels located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dendrite Where are the potassium (K+) channels located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Soma/cell body What channels are located on the axon? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voltaged gated sodium (Na+) and voltage gated potassium (K+) Where are the voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔On the axon terminal (output region) In the nervous system where is the nucleus located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cell body What channels are responsible for the input region? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ligand gated (stretch activated channels)
What channels are responsible for the conductile region? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voltage gated potassium (K+) and voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels Where does the action potential occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔In the conductile region What channels are responsible for the output region? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels Where does neurotransmitter release occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔In the output region Characteristics of fast axoplasmic transport - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fast (200-400 mm/day). Has membrane bound proteins. Hydrophobic proteins in vesicles (kinesin/microtubules). Characteristics of slow axoplasmic transport - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Slow (0.5-2 mm/day). Hydrophilic cytoplasmic proteins (katains, kinesin, microtubules). Move in fits and starts which cause slower movement
Where does summation of the PSPs occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Trigger zone Temproal summation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same time Spatial summation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same space What happens when threshold is reached? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An action potential fires Steps in the Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Resting Membrane Potential 2. EPSP temporal and spacing 3. Depolarization 4. Peak Action Potential 5. Repolarizaiton 6. Hyperpolarizaiton Characteristics of Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔K+ leak channels, flickering Na+ channels, close to the equilibrium of K+ Characteristics of EPSP summation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔EPSPs add together add together at the trigger zone.
Characteristics of Depolarization - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voltage gated Na+ channels open. Seek equilibrium of Na+ which is 70mv Characteristics of Peak Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate, voltage gated K+ channels activate and open (this is a delayed rectifier which returns everything to normal slowly) Characteristics of Repolarization - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔All voltage gated K+ channels open, membrane seeks equilibrium of K+ which is - 80 mv Characteristics of Hyperpolariztion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Approach equilibrium of K+ because voltage gated K+ channels are open, but slowly closing Passive Membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Membrane lacking voltage gated channels Efferent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"to carry away" Afferent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"to carry towards"
Location of Primary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dorsal Root Ganglion Location of Secondary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dorsal Horn in spinal cord Location of Tertiary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thalamic relay nucleus in thalamus What types of information is carried by the Lateral Corticospinal Tract?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Voluntary muscle movement Location of Upper Motor Neuron in Lateral Corticospinal Tract - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Primary Motor Cortex or Precentral Gyrus Location of Lower Motor Neuron in Lateral Corticopsinal Tract - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ventral Horn Hydrostatic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Physical pressure against the walls of the vesicle. Movement of fluid out of capillary bed
Osmotic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔H2O pressure. Moving high concentration of water to lower concentration. Can pull water back into the vessels Anitgen - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Foreign substance causing an immune response Antibody - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Binds to the antigen and is secreted or found in the transmembrane What do professional antigen presenting cells do? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Express MHC II protein Interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Virually infected cells will release interferon onto neighboring cells to slow down endocytosis and exocytosis, as well as, transcription and translation What causes inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Neutraphils, Mast Cells, Monocytes Neutraphils - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Secrete bleach and peroxide (which are nonspecific responses)
