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monocot
Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons or dicots. TERM 2
dicots
DEFINITION 2 Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. TERM 3
photosynthesis
DEFINITION 3 is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. TERM 4
plant
DEFINITION 4 Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. TERM 5
spore
DEFINITION 5 is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.
chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a bluish-black form TERM 7
cellulose
DEFINITION 7 Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand (14) linked D-glucose units. TERM 8
shoot system
DEFINITION 8 Shoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds, leaves. The SAM creates the tissues of both the stem and the leaves. The major unit of development is the node Height is added by expansion of the internode TERM 9
root system
DEFINITION 9 RAM creates new cells mainly above Those new cells elongate behind the RAM, pushing it deeper into the ground After elongating, the new cells differentiate into cells that provide the basic root functions TERM 10
meristem
DEFINITION 10 A meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
cell wall
A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells, is made up mostly of cellulose TERM 17
vacuole
DEFINITION 17 A vacuole is a membrane organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and occupies a large part of the cell's volume and is filled with a liquid called cell sap. The cell sap stores food reserves, pigments, defensive toxins, and waste products to be expelled or broken down. TERM 18
node
DEFINITION 18 A point on a stem where a leaf is or has been attached TERM 19
vascular bundle
DEFINITION 19 a longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants, the arrangement varying with the type of plant. TERM 20
cambium
DEFINITION 20 tissue in the stems and roots of many seed-bearing plants, consisting of cells that divide rapidly to form new layers of tissue. vascular cambium forms tissues that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant. phelom on the outside, and xylem on the ouside cork cambium creates cells that eventually become bark on the outside (secondary growth)
Bud
small swelling on a branch or stem, containing an undeveloped shoot, leaf, or flower TERM 22
leaf blade
DEFINITION 22 the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole TERM 23
compound leaf
DEFINITION 23 a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk, arranged either palmately, as the fingers of a hand, or pinnately, as the leaflets of a fern; the leaflets themselves may be compound. TERM 24
petiole
DEFINITION 24 the slender stalk by which a leaf is attached to the stem; leafstalk. TERM 25
bundle sheath
DEFINITION 25 layer or region of compactly arranged cells surrounding a vascular bundle in a plant. The bundle sheaths regulate the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the parenchyma and, in leaves, protect the vascular tissue from exposure to air.
root hairs
Root hair cells, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are tubular outgrowths of trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. TERM 32
pericycle
DEFINITION 32 The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. TERM 33
glucose
DEFINITION 33 Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar) a product of photosynthesis, mostly incorporated into the disaccharide sugar sucrose rather than circulating free in the plant TERM 34
phosphorylation
DEFINITION 34 Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule, ATP is formed during cell respiration from ADP by phosphorylation, as (oxidative phosphorylation) and the chloroplasts of plant cells TERM 35
oxidation
DEFINITION 35 chemical reaction in which an atom or ion loses electrons
respiration
process by which organisms exchange gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, with the environmentoccurs in photosynthesis TERM 37
glycolysis
DEFINITION 37 is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H3O3-. TERM 38
kreb's cycle
DEFINITION 38 The citric acid cycle - also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzyme- catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. TERM 39
alcoholic fermentation
DEFINITION 39 Ethanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. TERM 40
electron transport chain
DEFINITION 40 An electron transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions.
photorespiration
The chemical combination of carbohydrates with oxygen in plants with the release of carbon dioxide. Photorespiration requires the presence of light as happens during photosynthesis. TERM 47
transpiration
DEFINITION 47 the passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere. TERM 48
diffusion
DEFINITION 48 Diffusion is a time-dependent process, constituted by random motion of given entities and causing the statistical distribution of these entities to spread in space. TERM 49
osmosis
DEFINITION 49 Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. TERM 50
water potential
DEFINITION 50 Water potential is the potential energy of water relative to pure free water (e.g.
cohesion
The force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance together TERM 52
adhesion
DEFINITION 52 Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces. TERM 53
gametes
DEFINITION 53 A gamete (from Ancient Greek ; translated gamete = wife, gametes = husband) is a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. TERM 54
haploid
DEFINITION 54 Having a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus TERM 55
diploid
DEFINITION 55 Having paired sets of chromosomes in a cell or cell nucleus. In diploid organisms that reproduce sexually, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
sepal
one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower. TERM 62
petal
DEFINITION 62 A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf", "thin plate") is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. TERM 63
stamen/amdroecium
DEFINITION 63 The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a filament and a pollen-bearing anther at its tip TERM 64
carpel/gynoecium
DEFINITION 64 One of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma TERM 65
double
fertilization
DEFINITION 65 process in which the two sperm nuclei of a pollen grain unite with nuclei of the embryo sac of an angiosperm plant. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote, from which the embryo develops. The other sperm unites with the two nuclei located in a single cell at the center of the embryo sac. Together these nuclei form the triploid nucleus of the cell from which the endosperm develops. Double fertilization in this form is unique to the angiosperms.
endosperm
tissue that surrounds and provides nourishment to the embryo in the seeds of many angiosperms TERM 67
inflorescence
DEFINITION 67 An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. TERM 68
pollination
DEFINITION 68 Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilization and sexual reproduction. TERM 69
anther
DEFINITION 69 The pollen-bearing part at the upper end of the stamen of a flower TERM 70
style
DEFINITION 70 part of the female organ of a flower
compound fruit
A compound fruit is one that develops from several ovaries in either a single flower or multiple flowers. TERM 77
determinate growth
DEFINITION 77 refers to growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre- determined structure has completely formed. TERM 78
phototropism
DEFINITION 78 The growth or movement of a fixed organism toward or away from light, a response to blue wavelengths of light and is caused by a redistribution of auxin from the illuminated side to the darker side of the shoot, resulting in quicker growth on the darker side and bending of the shoot toward the source of light. TERM 79
gravitropism
DEFINITION 79 Gravitropism (or geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity. TERM 80
achene
DEFINITION 80 is a type of simple dry fruit indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it. Example: Sunflower seed
drupe
In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. TERM 82
samara
DEFINITION 82 forms a winglike struture, dry, used for weed dispersal Example: maple TERM 83
capsule
DEFINITION 83 Opens along more then two seams example: Lily TERM 84
berry
DEFINITION 84 The botanical definition of a berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape. TERM 85
caryopsis
DEFINITION 85 type of simple dry fruit - one that is monocarpelate and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an achene, BUT is fused with the thin seed coat. Example: Corn
antheridia
a male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae. TERM 92
frond
DEFINITION 92 the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds TERM 93
ovule
DEFINITION 93 In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. TERM 94
apical dominace
DEFINITION 94 able to block out other plants, gain advantage for survival TERM 95
Photosynthesis equation
DEFINITION 95 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O
Cellular Respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
