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Brooks Biodiversity Unit 1 Exam with
Complete Solutions
evolution ✔✔the concept that all given organisms are related to each other though common ancestry
Have scientists proven that life exists? ✔✔No
Big Bang ✔✔Theory of how the universe formed 16-18 billion years ago
Symbiosis ✔✔the interaction between two different organisms living in close association
"life coming together"
Spontaneous Generation ✔✔Theory that life arose spontaneously from inanimate matter. Not a widely held belief among scientists
Biogenesis Hypothesis ✔✔Theory that living matter created by pre-existing living matter
Haldane-Oparin Hypothesis ✔✔"Chemical Evolution"
Life arose spontaneously from early atmospheric compounds. It was believed that the early atmosphere contained methane, ammonia, and water. When combined with energy sources, life arose. This is the original theory of how life arose, but is likely INCORRECT.
Miller-Urey Experiment ✔✔Tested the Haldane-Oparin Hypothesis by conducting an experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on earth, and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life. They took inorganic compounds and made organic compounds (mostly amino acids). DID NOT PROVE ANYTHING
Panspermia ✔✔Hypothesis that organic molecules were brought to earth by meteorites/asteroids. Basically, life was seeded from outer space, and that life exists throughout the universe distributed by meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetoids.
Modern Theory of How Life Arose ✔✔(STILL NOT PROVEN, ONLY LIKELY) life arose spontaneously from simple molecules (CO, CO2, N2,H2 (very little because it was in little abundance), and H2O), then combined into larger, complex macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. (NOT from methane, ammonia, and water as Haldane- Oparin hypothesized)
Primordial Soup Hypothesis ✔✔Hypothesized that the first organisms were heterotrophs because they consumed the abundant food molecules present in the atmosphere
Unresolved Problems of the Modern Theory of How Life Arose ✔✔1. Formation of large, complex organic molecules via dehydration or condensation bonds in an aquatic environment is a problem because of the concept of hydrolysis. Water actually breaks most things down. Since all life was originally in water, it would be hard to synthesize life.
- Formation of the "self-replicating" system. Non-living organisms can't reproduce abiotically, which is obviously a large factor in the growth of life.
Prokaryote ✔✔Cells without membrane bound nucleus or organelles. Pro- = Before, -Kary = Nucleus
Eukaryote ✔✔Cells with a true membrane bound nucleus. Eu- = true, -Kary = Nucleus
Heterotroph ✔✔Organisms that are nourished from outside sources. Hetero- = different, -Troph = nourishment
Autotroph ✔✔Organisms that produce their own nourishment/food. Ex: photosynthesis.
Auto- self, -Troph = nourishment
How old is the Earth? ✔✔About 4.5 billion years old
How long did it take for Earth to cool? ✔✔600 million years for the atmosphere to cool down.
How old is the oldest fossil? ✔✔3.7-3.8 billion years old. (stromatolite fossil)
First-living organism speculated by scientists ✔✔Prokayotic Heterotrophic anaerobes. Although the oldest fossils found is only 3.5 billion years old, they still believe heterotrophic organisms evolved before autotrophic. The reason being that there were plenty of macromolecules in the atmosphere present at that time
Obligate Anaerobic ✔✔Cannot be in the presence of oxygen, it is killed by oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobic ✔✔Can be in the presence of oxygen (not destroyed by it) but it does NOT use it
Chemotrophs ✔✔use energy of chemical reactions (inorganic compounds) to produce food. (No sunlight). Probably arose deep in ocean vents where no sunlight was present and used H2S rather than sunlight to synthesize food
True/False: it is likely that the chloroplast evolved prior to the mitochondria ✔✔False. Virtually all eukaryotes have mitochondria, which offers strong evidence that the mitochondria was the first to evolve.
Pre-cambrian ✔✔Not considered a true era. Began 4.5 billion years ago, ended 600 million years ago.
Earliest traces of life found (stromatolite fossil)
(What year) ✔✔3.8 billion years ago
Oldest fossils of a complete cells (what year) ✔✔3.5 billion years ago
Oxygen levels rise (year) ✔✔2.7 billion years ago
Rise of eukaryotic cells ✔✔2.2 billion years ago
Paleozoic Era ✔✔Began 600 million years ago, ended 240 million years ago.
What age did Pangaea form? ✔✔245 million years ago
Permian extinctions ✔✔Extinction of many marine and terrestrial organisms (245 million years ago)
Highest Point of Earth ✔✔Himalayan Mountains in India
Lowest Point on Earth ✔✔Mariana Trench in the western part of the Pacific Ocean
Mesozoic Era ✔✔Began 230 million years ago, ended 65 million years ago with the cretaceous extinctions
Cretaceous Extinction ✔✔65 million years ago an asteroid hit the Yucatan Peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico causing cretaceous extinction. Almost everything in North America died in seconds and this marked the end of the mesozoic era.
Upper Part of Pangaea ✔✔Laurasia
Phylum (Phyla) = Phillip
Class (Classes) = Came
Order (Orders) = Over
Family (Families) = From
Genus (Genera) = Greece
Species = Singing
Binary Fission ✔✔Asexual reproduction. Used in bacteria
Mutualism ✔✔Benefit both organisms
Commensalism ✔✔One benefits, no effect on the other
Parasitism ✔✔One benefits, the other is harmed
coccus ✔✔circle shaped bacteria
bacillus ✔✔rod shaped bacteria
spirillus ✔✔spiral shaped bacteria
Domain Eukarya ✔✔Kingdom Archezoa
Kingdom Protista
Contain a true nucleus
Serial Endosymbiotic Hypothesis ✔✔Hypothesis that mitochondria came first then chloroplast. Mitochondria and chloroplast were thought to have come from Eukaryotes
Kingdom Archezoa ✔✔Create ATP anaerobically (without oxygen)
Have a true nucleus, but lack mitochondria
Giardia ✔✔Kingdom Archezoa
Intestinal parasite of vertebrates
Caused intestinal issues which you can get from drinking tainted water
Phylum Chytidiomycota, Phylum Oomycota, Phylum Acrasiomycota, and Phylum Myxomycota
Phylum Chytridiomycota ✔✔Heterotrophic Protists
Spores responsible for amphibian disease Chytridiomycosis (important) which is rapidly killing many amphibians globally
Phylum Oomycota ✔✔Require water to survive
Can reproduce sexually via the Oogonium
Can reproduce asexually via Zoospores
Phylum Acrasiomycota ✔✔Cellular slime mold
Unicellular protist, however can be colonial (aggregate of cells)
It is not a TRUE plasmodium because it aggregates
Cells used cAMP (acrosin) as a pheromone which cause the organisms to gather together and create a pseudoplasmodium (colony) when food is found
Reproduce via sporangium (structures that produce spores)
Fully undergoes mitosis UNLIKE plasmodial slime mold
Phylum Myxomycota ✔✔Plasmodial Slime Mold
Forms a multinucleated cell mass known as plasmodium. This is because it does not undergo cytokinesis (cell division)
Multinucleate organisms with one big cell, which is why they are called plasmodium in contrast with pseudoplasmodium which is many cells that look like one due to aggregation
When food/water runs out, plasmodium then grow sporangium (structures that release spores for sexual reproduction)
Phylum Sarcodina ✔✔sarco- = flesh/muscle, -dina = to spin/whirl
All have pseudopodia (cellular extensions used to move and feed)
Types:
Amoebae
Foraminiferians
Radiolarians
Amoebae ✔✔Moves around in an amorophus way
uses lobed pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding (endocytosis)
This is why they are classified as pseudopods
Phylum Sarcodina
Contractile Vacuole ✔✔Organelle in Phylum Ciliophora
Central vacuole used for pumping out excess water ("water bailer")
Needed because the organism lives in freshwater and so that it doesn't lyse (explode)
Macronuclei ✔✔Synthesized DNA and RNA, assist reproduction and food production
Organelle in Phylum Ciliophora
Micronuclei ✔✔synthesizes DNA only and differentiation
Paramecium ✔✔Phylum Ciliophora
Most famous ciliate and most complex cell
Trichocysts ✔✔type of ciliate that can sting and captures its food by stinging it
Phylum Mastigophora ✔✔"Zooflagellates"
Unicellular flagellates characterized by having flagella
Mostly parasited and commensals, meaning that they are SYMBIOTIC
Ex: Trypanosoma, Trichomonad, and Choanoflagellate
Trypanosoma ✔✔Phylum Mastigophora
African Sleeping Sickness
Transmitted from the Tse Tse fly
Humans can get the African Sleeping sickness as well as domesticated animals.
Wild animals generally cant get this disease due to an immunity
Look like little eels and can also cause Chagas disease
Trichomonad ✔✔Phylum Mastigophora
Can cause Trichomonaisis which cause tissue inflammation and can actually be classified as an STD.
Mostly affects females
Choanoflagellates ✔✔Has a cell structure very similar to animal called a sponge
Phylum Apicomplexa ✔✔Parasites
They have different life stages
Ex: Euglena
Stigma ✔✔Phylum Euglenophyta
Eye Spot
Can detect light which allows them to move towards light for photosynthesis
Phylum Pyrrophyta ✔✔"Dinoflagellates"
Chlorophyll A & C, plus other pigments(KNOW!)
Have 2 flagella that spin perpendicular to each other that cause them to move through the water
Cellulose cell wall (Similar to plants)
Ex: Pfiesteria, Zooxanthellae, and Bioluminescence (KNOW ALL!)
Pfiesteria ✔✔Phylum Pyrrophyta
"The Cell From Hell"
Can eat flesh and are actually carnivores
Responsible for Red Tides
Red Tides ✔✔Phylum Pyrrophyta
Responsible for massive fish kills and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Caused from Pfiesteria
Zooxanthellae ✔✔Phylum Pyrrophyta
Symbiotic relationship with coral
Live in shallow water
They live in coral and actually help corals live since coral can eat it.
Help coral produce calcium carbonate (Which is white)
When H2O rises, dinoflagellates leave the coral and coral turns white losing its color which is called bleaching
Bioluminescence ✔✔Some dinoflagellates can give off light causing a phenomenon called bioluminescence
Caused from dinoflagellates being agitated
Phylum Pyrrophyta
Phylum Chrysophyta ✔✔"Gold-Brown Algae"
Chlorophyll A & C (KNOW!)
