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BSNC 1000 – PERFUSION Exam with Verified
solutions| Rated A+ 2025 - 2026
Radius - ✔✔Biggest affect on blood flow through a vessel
Activation of Sympathetic NS - ✔✔- Decreases vessel diameter
- Increases CO
- Increases TPR
Perfusion - ✔✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
Arterial System - ✔✔Distributes blood and regulates pressure
Capillary beds - ✔✔Transfer of materials between circulation and tissues
Venous System - ✔✔Returns blood to heart volume reservoir
Scope of Perfusion - ✔✔Optimal - Impaired - No Perfusion
Ischemia (cell injury) - ✔✔Impaired perfusion
Infarction (cell death) - ✔✔No Perfusion
Blood Pressure - ✔✔Force of blood against the walls of blood vessels
Systolic Pressure - ✔✔BP during systole
Diastolic Pressure - ✔✔BP during diastole
Pulse Pressure - ✔✔Systole - Diastole (normal = 40-45 mmHg)
MAP = - ✔✔CO x TPR
MAP ≈ - ✔✔Diastolic Pressure - 1/3(Partial Pressure)
Blood Volume Influenced By: - ✔✔-sodium ingestion and excretion
-renin/aldosterone
Vasoconstriction Influenced By: - ✔✔- Autonomic NS
- Kidney renin/angiotensin
- Adrenal medulla hormones
What influences Viscocity? - ✔✔- RBCs
What is the vessel radius mostly controlled by? - ✔✔Sympathetic NS
What controls do the regulation of BP and flow involve? - ✔✔- Local
RAAS - ✔✔Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System
Neurological Control - ✔✔- BP rises
- Arteries stretched
- Baroreceptors increase firing rate
- Vasodilation
- Reduced heart rate
- BP decreases
- Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
- Signal brain for vasoconstriction
- BP rises
Hormonal Control (RAAS) - ✔✔- Low BP
- Angiotensinogen (hormone from liver)
- Kidneys release: Renin (enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen)
- Angiotensin I forms
- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
- Angiotensin II forms = vaosconstrictor + causes release of aldosterone
Aldosterone - ✔✔- Promotes Na and Water retention in kidneys
- Increases blood volume and pressure
- Increases CO
epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔- Constrict most blood vessels, increasing BP
- Dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Why older adults are at risk for impaired perfusion? - ✔✔- Arterial stiffening = increases myocardium work load
- CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume
- less mobility
- medications
- high salt
- decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
- Elevated serum lipids
Stage 1 Hypertension - ✔✔140-
90-
Stage 2 Hypertension - ✔✔> 160
100
Stage 3 Hypertension - ✔✔> 180
110
Complications of Hypertension - ✔✔- Kidneys (Renal insufficiency)
- Brain (Stroke/Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
- Eyes (Hypertensive Retinopathy)
- Heart (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
- Nephrosclerosis
Assessments: - ✔✔- Client history
- Examination
- Diagnostic tests
Normal BMI - ✔✔18.5-24.9 kg/m
Symptoms of Impaired Perfusion - ✔✔- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Cough
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Leg cramping/pain
- Numbness/tingling
- Cold hands/feet
- Headache
Signs of Impaired Perfusion - ✔✔- Edema
- Shortness of breath
- Cough
- Fainting
- Weight gain
- Cyanosis
- Tenting skin turgor
- Cool skin
- Diaphoresis (sweating)
- Long cap refill
- Clubbing
- Varicose veins
- Confusion
- Anxiety
- Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Angina
Primary Prevention - Hypertension - ✔✔- Diet
Secondary Prevention - Hypertension - ✔✔- BP screening (18+, once every 2 year, well-child visits)
Collaborative Interventions - Hypertension - ✔✔- Nutrition therapy
- Activity, exercise, positioning
- Smoking cessation
- Pharmacotherapy
How does alcohol increase BP? - ✔✔- Activates SNS
- Releases angiotensin II = RAAS
- Impairs baroreceptor reflexes
- should have <2 drinks/day
How much sodium should we intake? - ✔✔1500-2000mg per day
How often should you monitor BP in prehypertensive clients? - ✔✔once a year
Waist circumference: - ✔✔Men < 102 cm
Women < 88 cm
where is plaque found? - ✔✔Media
Why would increased epinephrine/norepinephrine levels cause hypertension? - ✔✔- Increases vasoconstriction which increases TPR which increases MAP
- Increases heart rate and myocardial contraction which increases CO which increases MAP
Neurological Control of BP - ✔✔- BP rises
- Arteries stretched
- Baroreceptors increase firing rate
- Vasodilation
- Reduced heart rate
- BP decreases
- Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
- Signal brain for vasoconstriction
- BP rises
Central Perfusion - ✔✔- Generated by CO
- Propels blood to various organs and returns to heart
- Caffeine
- Exercise
- Time of Day
- White Coat Syndrome
Target Damage: Kidney - ✔✔Nephrosclerosis
Target Damage: Eyes - ✔✔Retinopathy
Target Damage: Heart/Blood Vessels - ✔✔- Aneurysm
- Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Atherosclerosis
Target Damage: Brain - ✔✔Hemorrhagic Stroke
Strategies to lower BP - ✔✔- Limit alcohol
- Limit Na intake
- Weight loss
- Meds
- Monitoring
Bradycardia - ✔✔< 60 bpm
Tachycardia - ✔✔> 100 bpm
